Comparison of ethnic composition, ethnic issues and ethnic population policies among western countries

Author(s):  
MI Hong ◽  
LI Yuan ◽  
MA Qiyini
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1550-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Owens ◽  
Jennifer Candipan

This article examines the racial/ethnic population dynamics of ascending neighborhoods—those experiencing socioeconomic growth. Drawing on Census and American Community Survey data from 1990 to 2010, we first explore whether changes in racial/ethnic composition occur alongside ascent. We find that, while most neighborhoods’ racial/ethnic composition does not dramatically change during this period, neighborhoods that experienced ascent are much more likely to transition from majority-minority to mixed race or predominantly White than nonascending neighborhoods. Then, we use microdata to analyze whether two potential drivers of ascent, the in-migration of higher-socioeconomic status (SES) households and changes in the fortunes of long-term residents, are racially/ethnically stratified. We argue that the process of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent perpetuates neighborhood racial/ethnic hierarchy. While most Black and Hispanic neighborhoods remain majority-minority, those that ascend are more likely to experience a succession of high-SES White residents replacing minority residents.


Author(s):  
Людмила Ивановна Никонова ◽  
Альбина Ирфановна Минакова

В статье на основе, главным образом, неопубликованных источников, выявленных в архивах и впервые вводимых в научный оборот, показана роль представителей зарубежья в формировании полиэтничности Мордовии, ныне республики, входящей в Приволжский федеральный округ Российской Федерации. Проанализированы истоки полиэтничности мордовского края, описаны основные тенденции развития миграционных процессов. На основе имеющихся научных исследований и данных государственной статистики рассмотрены основные характеристики пространственной мобильности населения мордовского края со второй половины XIX в. до начала XX в. Полиэтничность республики подтверждают данные всероссийской переписи населения, согласно которой на 2010 год в Мордовии проживало население 119 национальностей. Приведены статистические данные переписи населения Российской Империи 1897 года с иностранным контингентом в губерниях Мордовии и данные о составе населения по переписи 1939 года. Авторами установлено, что формирование полиэтничности Мордовской Республики складывалось под воздействием важнейших исторических событий, происходивших как в Европе, так и в России. Эти события обуславливали появление факторов, способствовавших миграционным процессам и менявших этнический состав населения Мордовии. Среди них, например, строительство Казанской железной дороги, которое привело к индустриализации и развитию промышленных предприятий в регионе, притоку иностранных специалистов и рабочих по обслуживанию оборудования, события Первой мировой войны, вызвавшие миграции из западных стран в регионы России, расположение лагерей с военнопленными на территории республики, брачная миграция и др. Авторами приведены исторические данные о получении иностранцами русского подданства в Мордовии. Based on mainly unpublished and previously unstudied sources, the article shows the role of foreign peoples in the formation of the multi-ethnic population of Mordovia, being part of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The origins of the formation of multi-ethnicity of Mordovia are revealed, the main trends in the development of migration processes are described. Based on the previous scientific findings and state statistics, the spatial mobility of the population of Mordovia from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century are considered. The data of the Russian Сensus, according to which people of 119 nationalities lived in Mordovia in 2010, confirms the complexity of the population of the republic. The paper covers the data of the First Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 with a foreign contingent in the provinces of Mordovia and the 1939 Сensus. The authors found that the multi-ethnic population of the Mordovian Republic was formed under the influence of the most important historical events that took place both in Europe and in Russia. These events gave rise to processes that contributed to migration flows and changed the ethnic composition of the population of Mordovia. For example, the construction of the Kazan railway, which required the influx of foreign specialists and equipment maintenance workers in the Volga Federal District, the events of World War I, which caused a refugee flow from Western countries to the regions of Russia, the location of prisoner-of-war camps in the Republic, marriage migrations etc. The authors provide a historical outline on how foreigners in Mordovia acquired Russian citizenship.


2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongzeng Bi ◽  
Oscar Ybarra ◽  
Yufang Zhao

Recent research investigating self-judgment has shown that people are more likely to base their evaluations of self on agency-related traits than communion-related traits. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that agency-related traits dominate self-evaluation by expanding the purview of the fundamental dimensions to consider characteristics typically studied in the gender-role literature, but that nevertheless should be related to agency and communion. Further, we carried out these tests on two samples from China, a cultural context that, relative to many Western countries, emphasizes the interpersonal or communion dimension. Despite the differences in traits used and cultural samples studied, the findings generally supported the agency dominates self-esteem perspective, albeit with some additional findings in Study 2. The findings are discussed with regard to the influence of social norms and the types of inferences people are able to draw about themselves given such norms.


2007 ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kasparova

The article considers the financial tools of corporate control transfers and mergers and acquisitions financing forms. In western countries tax and informative factors are more important, but in the Russian business market lack of development of the stock market and low cost of securities of Russian companies play the main role. The analysis has shown that in Russia the monetary form of M&A financing dominates over other financing forms (90% of reviewed cases), still there are individual cases of M&A financing by buying company’s shares (10% of reviewed cases).


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Murat Yucesahin ◽  
Tuğba Adalı ◽  
A Sinan Türkyılmaz

Compared to its past structure, Turkey is now a country with low levels of fertility and mortality. This junction that Turkey now has reached is associated with a number of risks, such as an ageing population, and a decreasing working-age population. The antinatalist policy era of Turkey was followed by a period of maintenance, yet the recent demographic changes formed the basis of a pronatalist population policy from the government’s view. This study discusses the link between demographic change and population policies in Turkey. It further aims to position Turkey spatially in relation to selected countries that are in various stages of their demographic transitions with different population policies, using a multidimensional scaling approach with data on 25 selected countries from the UN. The analysis is based on a 34-year period, 1975-2009, so as to better demonstrate Turkey’s international position on a social map, past and present. Our findings suggest that Turkey’s position on the social map shifted towards developed countries over time in terms of demographic indicators and population policies. 


Asian Survey ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
In-Joung Whang
Keyword(s):  

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