Kara śmierci za przestępstwa dewizowe w totalitarnym systemie komunistycznej Polski Ludowej

The subject of the article is the penalisation of foreign exchange crimes in the Act of October 28, 1950 on the prohibition of possessing foreign currencies, gold coins, gold, and platinum, as well as the tightening of penalties for certain foreign exchange offenses. In this act, illegal foreign exchange trading was threatened with the most severe penalties, including the death penalty. The article contains a historical outline of liability for foreign exchange crime, from the legal regulations in the Second Polish Republic to the Fiscal Penal Code in force. The author pays special attention to the Act of 1950, which is a symbol of criminal law during the period of Stalinist repressions in Polish People’s Republic. The author introduces the atmosphere of those years, related to the currency reform and radical tightening of criminal liability for foreign exchange offenses, in particular for the illegal trade in foreign currencies. The article indicates the axiological foundations of applying penal repression in the economic area of the state, typical for the totalitarian system of the communist Polish People’s Republic.

Possibilities of the action research

The aim of the article is to show the possibilities created by the use of the action research method in social research. The first part of the article presents a historical outline of action research and an overview of the ways of defining this method, as well as its different types, features and stages. The last part of the article presents the variety of research using a given method.

Populism as a threat to the rule of law

The aim of this paper is to bring the reader closer to what the term populism means, what are its defining elements, in which parts of the world and in what forms is this phenomenon present today, and, finally, what consequences it has on modern democracies and the rule of law. The introductory part of the paper deals with the issue of defining the term populism, presenting the theories that are most common in the literature and setting out the constitutive elements of the term. The paper further provides an overview of the regions in which populism is most present today, with a general inspection of its manifestations and a brief historical outline of its origins. Finally, the paper concludes with the analysis of the negative and positive consequences that the populism has on today's democratic societies, as well as of its impact on the rule of law – i.e., by answering the question of whether the founding pillars of the 21st century rule of law manage to withstand the onslaught of a strong, all-coming, populist wave?

Einige Bemerkungen zu den produktivsten Wortbildungsstrategien in der deutschen Fachterminologie des Eisenbahnwesens unter der kontrastiven Berücksichtigung des Polnischen

This article is dedicated to present the most common word-formation strategies in German railway specialist terminology. The presentation of the most productive morphological nomination strategies in the analysed area is preceded by a short historical outline of the railway industry in Germany. The adumbration of the historical background and hints regarding the current EU environmental plans for railways are intended to expose the importance and relentless currency of the analysis undertaken here. The presented examples, which were extracted from the most extensive industry terminology database, RaiLLexic, have been correlated with their Polish equivalents. This contrastive procedure allows, going further, to draw conclusions about both language systems within which the professional terminology described here is constituted.

Międzyrządowy wymiar polsko-rosyjskiej współpracy transgranicznej i międzyregionalnej

This article offers a presentation of the Polish-Russian cross-border and interregional cooperation at the intergovernmental level. To this end, it refers to specific international documents on the basis of which three Polish- Russian institutions have been established to coordinate this area of cooperation. In addition to a conceptual framework outlined, the text includes a short historical outline to help the reader trace the beginnings and development of the Polish-Russian cross-border and interregional cooperation in the adopted approach. When describing the activities of intergovernmental councils and commissions, the author draws attention to their positions in the central administration and their structures, listing specific areas of mutual cooperation. The presentation ends with an attempt to evaluate the activities of the said bodies and the search for new perspectives in the context of the upcoming thirtieth anniversary of the agreement on cross-border cooperation with Russia.

Challenging the 'cultural hegemony' of the left in Cold War Turkey: the case of the Yeniden Millî Mücadele (National Struggle Anew) movement

This article explores the creation of consensus around official and unofficial anti-communist activities in Turkey by focusing on the weekly periodical Yeniden Millî Mücadele /National Struggle Anew (1970-1980) as a case study. The magazine described itself as a publication that was anti-communist, anti-capitalist, anti-zionist and respectful towards religious beliefs, and was associated with the national islamist organisation Mücadele Birliği (Union for Struggle). After a brief historical outline, the paper discusses some of the basic ideas of the magazine, and shows that these were intricately connected with the ideological struggle against the supposed cultural hegemony of the left. It then illustrates how National Struggle Anew took advantage of myths and symbols of the Ottoman and Turkish past in order to construct an anti-communist discourse and the image of the nation's enemies. The investigation has been conducted through a conceptual analysis of a selection of articles that appeared in the magazine, mainly in its first year of publication.

Historical Outline of Iron Mining and Production in the Area of Present-Day Poland

The article presents the history of iron ore mining and production in present-day Poland and takes into account mining and production techniques and the influence of mining on the development of the surrounding areas. Examples of development are presented for the most important iron ore mining centers established since the period of the so-called Roman influences—Lower Silesia in the region of Tarchalice and the Świętokrzyskie region in the area of Góry Świętokrzyskie (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). The oldest traces of underground iron ore mining in Poland date back to the 7th–5th century B.C., and iron production dates back from the 1st century B.C. in the Częstochowa region where economically significant iron ore exploitation started in the 14th century and lasted until the 20th century. Studies showed that the development of iron ore mining in today’s Poland was associated with significant events in the country’s history, for example, with the expansion of a network of fortified castles in Silesia or with the industrial revolution. In each case, the increase in iron production resulted in the development and growth of the surrounding areas.

Accessibility of General Adult Education An Analysis of the Restructuring of Adult Education Governance in Denmark

The purpose of this paper is to examine how adult education institutions have developed in close connection with the Danish welfare state and how structural reforms since the 1990s have changed the institutional structure and impacted accessibility. This involves analyses of the main functions linked to the different types of adult education institutions (VUCs) in Denmark and their development in relation to welfare state policies in the first instance and to globalization and competition state policies in the second. Thus, the paper provides a historical outline of the development of adult education institutions in two main areas, a vocational and a general, followed by an analysis of selected policy documents on structural reforms. Focusing on the reforms of 2000, 2007, and 2018, the analysis identifies external and internal limitations to accessing general adult education. In conclusion, the market orientation of the VUC entails limitations to both external and internal accessibility.