Theory of Relativity, The

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam James Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Relationship

The Theory of Relativity is the name given to two separate theories put forth by Albert Einstein (1879–1955): ‘Special Relativity’ and ‘General Relativity’. When first published in 1905, Einstein’s ‘Theory of Special Relativity’ upended Newtonian Mechanics and was in agreement with James Clerk Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism. The theory opened up new avenues for particle physics and is thought to have ushered in the nuclear age. Relativity was also used to predict the existence of black holes and other cosmological phenomena. Special Relativity, Einstein’s theory of small particles, includes possibly the world’s most famous physics equation: E=mc², which predicts the relationship between mass and energy where energy is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by the speed of light squared.

Related to Relativity

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-284
Author(s):  
Steven J. Osterlind
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Richard Burton ◽  
Time Continuum

This chapter provides the context for the early twentieth-century events contributing to quantification. It was the golden age of scientific exploration, with explorers like David Livingstone, Sir Richard Burton, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, and intellectual pursuits, such as Hilbert’s set of unsolved problems in mathematics. However, most of the chapter is devoted to discussing the last major influencer of quantification: Albert Einstein. His life and accomplishments, including his theory of relativity, make up the final milestone on our road to quantification. The chapter describes his time in Bern, especially in 1905, when he published several famous papers, most particularly his law of special relativity, and later, in 1915, when he expanded it to his theory of general relativity. The chapter also provides a layperson’s description of the space–time continuum. Women of major scientific accomplishments are mentioned, including Madame Currie and the mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani.

Struggling with Causality: Einstein's Case

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yemima Ben-Menahem
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Conservation Laws ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Causal Theory ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Causal Interaction ◽  
Thick Concept ◽  
The Way

The ArgumentEinstein's concept of causality as analyzed in this paper is a thick concept comprised of: (a) regularity; (b) locality; (c) symmetry considerations leading to conservation laws; (d) mutuality of causal interaction. The main theses are: 1. Since (b)–(d) are not elements of Hume's concept of causality, Einstein's concept, the concept embedded in the theory of relativity, is manifestly non–Humean. 2. On a Humean conception, Newtonian mechanics is a paradigmatically causal theory. Einstein, however, regarded this theory as causally deficient, for it fails to comply with both (b) and (d). Special relativity was (partly) motivated by the wish to correct the first of these failures; general relativity the second. 3. Ironically, general relativity, based on the thick concept of causality, opens the way for a conventionalist understanding of that concept. 4. With regard to human freedom, Einstein professed to be a Spinozist. However, he suggested a version of soft determinism, not found in Spinoza.

scholarly journals Special Relativity sans Lorentz Transformation (OR) Perceptional Relativity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastin Patrick Asokan
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Lorentz Transformation ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Special Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Impossible Task

Abstract This paper shows that from the fact that the same Reality is perceived differently by the observers in different inertial frames, we can draw a simple and straightforward explanation for the constancy of light's speed in all inertial frames without any need for bringing in paradoxical Lorentz Transformation. This paper also proves that Lorentz Transformation has failed in its attempt to do the impossible task of establishing t' ≠ t to explain the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial frames without contradicting the interchangeability of frames demanded by the First Postulate of the Special Theory of Relativity. This paper also points out the misconceptions regarding the claimed experimental verifications of Lorentz Transformation's predictions in the Hafele–Keating experiment and μ meson experiment. This paper concludes that Einstein's Special Theory Relativity can stand on its own merits without Lorentz Transformation.

Frontiers of Quantum Black Holes

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Wontae KIM ◽  
Mu-In PARK
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Occupation Number ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Quantum Radiation ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Massless Quantum

A black hole is a theoretical prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity, differently from Newtonian gravity, which is a non-relativistic gravity. In recent few years, its direct detection via gravitational waves and other multi-messenger observations have made it possible to test the prediction and hence its associated general relativity. From purely theoretical points of view, general relativity cannot be a complete description due to its not being compatible with quantum mechanics, which is a successful description of microscopic objects. In this article, we introduce the conceptional development of quantum-gravity theories and give brief sketches of fundamental problems in quantum black holes. As an interesting model of quantum black holes, we consider a collapsing shell of matter to form a Hayward black hole and investigate semiclassically quantum radiation from the shell. By using the Israel’s formulation and the functional Schrödinger formulation for massless quantum radiation, we find that the Hawking temperature can be deduced from the occupation number of excited states when the shell approaches its own horizon.

scholarly journals Mass energy and momentum in the special relativity with variable speed of light

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Dong ◽  
Dong Jun
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Step Function ◽  
Red Giants ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Energy And Momentum

Abstract On the basis of establishing the special theory of relativity with variable speed of light and obtaining the step function relationship between mass and speed, this article further seeks the proper collocations of mass, energy and momentum allowed by the "ontology" of moving masses which are in various stages of motion properties or in different physical environments. Three ontology collocation types are obtained. If we consider the basic fact that the lower the energy, the more stable it is, the real physical world ranges from astrophysics issues such as white dwarfs, red giants, and celestial space speeds, to the various light and heavy elementary particles existence, combination and performance，which qualitative knowledge can all be derived from the "ontology collocation ". Two of these three types of collocations are derived from the mass-velocity step function relationship contented of quantum properties, so all the quantum phenomena of modern physics will not be obliterated. It is hoped that the modern physics knowledge accumulated in the laboratory and the scattered various theories will be explained under the dominance of a classic theory. The article also deduced the conversion relationship between the inertial system S and S’ of the three collocation types of mass, energy and momentum of the moving mass. Derive the upgrade and downgrade law of the complete special relativity system, this also greatly expands the way to understand modern physics from the theory of relativity.

scholarly journals Foundations of Finsler Spacetimes from the Observers’ Viewpoint

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio N. Bernal ◽  
Miguel A. Javaloyes ◽  
Miguel Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Linear Approximation ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Finsler Metric ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Cone Structure ◽  
Mathematical Definition ◽  
Finsler Spacetime ◽  
Definition Of

Physical foundations for relativistic spacetimes are revisited in order to check at what extent Finsler spacetimes lie in their framework. Arguments based on inertial observers (as in the foundations of special relativity and classical mechanics) are shown to correspond with a double linear approximation in the measurement of space and time. While general relativity appears by dropping the first linearization, Finsler spacetimes appear by dropping the second one. The classical Ehlers–Pirani–Schild approach is carefully discussed and shown to be compatible with the Lorentz–Finsler case. The precise mathematical definition of Finsler spacetime is discussed by using the space of observers. Special care is taken in some issues such as the fact that a Lorentz–Finsler metric would be physically measurable only on the causal directions for a cone structure, the implications for models of spacetimes of some apparently innocuous hypotheses on differentiability, or the possibilities of measurement of a varying speed of light.

scholarly journals Theory of General Relativity: Historical Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Ranjit Prasad Yadav
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Theories Of Gravitation

General relativity was developed by Albert Einstein near about 100 Years ago. This article attempt to give an outline about the brief history of general theory of relativity and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed. Before the advent of GR, Newton's law of gravitation had been accepted for more than two hundred years as a valid description of the gravitational force between masses i.e. gravity was the result of an attractive force between massive objects. General relativity has developed in to an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is strong that not even light can escape and also a part of the big bang model of cosmology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12358Academic Voices Vol.4 2014: 49-52

Black holes in the theory of the dynamic medium of reference

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
Olivier Pignard
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Local Measurement ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
Propagation Medium

The aim of this article is to apply the theory of the dynamic medium of reference [O. Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)] to black holes and to find all the results of general relativity concerning black holes without rotation and without load. Among the most important results to which this article leads, we can mention: (1) The speed of the flux of the medium is greater than the speed of light inside the horizon of a black hole or even much greater than the speed of light at a distance from the center of the black hole much less than the radius of Schwarzschild. (2) In the hybrid coordinate system (drSchwarzschild, dtfree fall), the speed of light is established simply in relation to its propagation medium. (3) A photon emitted at an infinite distance from the black hole with speed c 0 arrives near the horizon of the black hole with a real speed zero. And yet the local measurement of the speed of the photon carried out with a material clock and a material ruler remains c 0. (4) Study of the possible orbits of a material particle around a black hole and the possibility of orbits of a photon around a black hole.

Physics and Geometry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Symmetry Property ◽  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Relativistic Invariance ◽  
Henri Poincaré ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
French Mathematician

This chapter concerns the ongoing debate about the meaning of Einstein's theory in the formative years, with particular attention to the relation between physics and geometry. It also compares Einstein's thinking on this issue with that of the French mathematician and philosopher Henri Poincaré and deals with the role of symmetry in the theory of relativity—one of Einstein's enduring legacies. The role of symmetry becomes evident, for instance, in the lecture on special relativity, in which it is shown how relativistic invariance, a symmetry property of the spacetime continuum, shapes Maxwell's equations and other laws of physics. In the period under consideration, the understanding of symmetry is deepened by the emergence of Emmy Noether's famous theorems, for which the theory of general relativity was an important source of inspiration.

scholarly journals ENTROPIC LAW OF FORCE, EMERGENT GRAVITY AND THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. SANTOS ◽  
I. V. VANCEA
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Property ◽  
Emergent Gravity ◽  
Quantum Uncertainty ◽  
General Quantum ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Gravity

The entropic formulation of the inertia and the gravity relies on quantum, geometrical and informational arguments. The fact that the results are completely classical is misleading. In this paper, we argue that the entropic formulation provides new insights into the quantum nature of the inertia and the gravity. We use the entropic postulate to determine the quantum uncertainty in the law of inertia and in the law of gravity in the Newtonian Mechanics, the Special Relativity and in the General Relativity. These results are obtained by considering the most general quantum property of the matter represented by the Uncertainty Principle and by postulating an expression for the uncertainty of the entropy such that: (i) it is the simplest quantum generalization of the postulate of the variation of the entropy and (ii) it reduces to the variation of the entropy in the absence of the uncertainty.

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