Karl Marx and the Economic Argument about Civil Society

2015 ◽  
pp. 225-242
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Economic Argument

scholarly journals ANATOMI TEORI HEGEMONI ANTONIO GRAMSCI

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
Endah Siswati
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Political Society ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Political Writing

Antonio Gramsci adalah seorang intelektual besar di kalangan kaum kiri, yang disebut sebagai pemikir terbesar setelah Karl Marx. Pemikiran-pemikiran Gramsci  tertuang dalam banyak artikel yang dimuat di media massa, dan dalam buku-buku karyanya seperti; Prison Notebook, The Modern Prince and Other Political Writing,   Selection from the Prison Notebooks, Letters from Prison, Selection from Political Writing,  Selection from Cultural Writing, dan sebagainya.Dari seluruh karya dan tulisannya, hegemoni dinilai sebagai ide sentral dan orisinal yang dikembangkan Gramsci. Teori Hegemoni dipandang telah membawa perubahan besar dan menimbulkan perdebatan pemikiran atas teori-teori perubahan sosial, terutama bagi yang menghendaki perubahan radikal dan revolusioner.Konsep-konsep pemikiran Gramsci tentang hegemony, civil society, political society, counter hegemony, war of position, war of movement, intelectual organik dan perannya dalam transformasi sosial, adalah gagasan-gagasan yang dinilai brilian, dan memberi sumbangan penting pada perkembangan teori-teori sosial, dan menumbuhkan kesadaran politik kritis.  Konsep pemikirannya tentang hegemoni juga mendorong perumusan kembali watak kelas, kekuatan-kekuatan sosial dan makna sejati dari kekuasaan dan dominasi.  Hal-hal inilah yang antara lain mendasari penulisan artikel ini.

scholarly journals Adam Smith's Influence on Hegel's Philosophical Writings

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Henderson ◽  
John B. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Philosophical Writings

Historians of economics and philosophy have noted Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel's debt to Adam Smith and have suggested that Hegel's analysis of civil society rests on a Smithian foundation. Laurence Dickey recognized that “Hegel's interest in the Scots coincided with the late eighteenth-century German interest in the relationship between socioeconomic processes in history and the development of civil institutions” (Dickey 1987, p. 194). Georg Lukacs emphasized that “it is highly probable that the study of Adam Smith was a turning-point in Hegel's evolution” (Lukacs 1976, p. 172). In his study of The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx, Ernest Mandel maintained that Marx discovered political economy and its importance to philosophy in his reading of Hegel. Says Mandel:

scholarly journals PEMERINTAHAN DAN BIROKRASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desriadi Desriadi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
The People

Karl Marx states that bureaucracy is a parasitic and exploitative organization. Bureaucracy is an instrument for the powerful class to exploit other social groups of people (in their authority). Bureaucracy functions to maintain the privilege and status quo of the capitalist class. On the other hand, Hegel states that bureaucracy is a system created by the have class to deceive the lower classes to maintain and increase their own welfare. In this case bureaucracy becomes the scapegoat for all mistakes of the ruler toward the people. The whole mistakes of the ruler will finally come back to the bureaucracy which is only an instrument.Hegel explains that bureaucracy is an institution which occupies a neutral organic position in a social structure and it functions as a link in a country in manifesting the general needs civil society which represents special needs. Hegel sees that bureaucracy is bridge created to link different kinds of needs of people and state. Therefore the role of bureaucracy is very significant in unifying the perceptions and perspectives among countries and people in order to avoid a chaos happen. Keywords: governance, bureaucracy KARL MARX mengatakan Birokrasi adalah Organisasi yang bersifat Parasitik dan Eksploitatif. Birokrasi merupakan Instrumen bagi kelas yang berkuasa untuk mengekploitasi kelas sosial yang lain (yang dikuasai). Birokrasi berfungsi untuk mempertahankan privilage dan status quo bagi kepentingan kelas kapitalis. Dalam pandangan Marx yang berbeda dengan Hegel, birokrasi merupakan sistem yang diciptakan oleh kalangan atas (the have) untuk memperdayai kalangan bawah (the have not) demi mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan mereka sendiri. Dalam hal ini birokrasi menjadi kambing hitam bagi kesalahan penguasa terhadap rakyatnya. Segenap kesalahan penguasa akhirnya tertumpu pada birokrasi yang sebenarnya hanya menjadi alat saja.HEGEL mengatakan Birokrasi adalah institusi yang menduduki posisi organik yang netral di dalam struktur sosial dan berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara negara yang memanifestasikan kepentingan umum, dan masyarakat sipil yang mewakili kepentingan khusus dalam masyarakat. Hegel melihat, bahwa birokrasi merupakan jembatan yang dibuat untuk menghubungkan antara kepentingan masyarakat dan kepentingan negara yang dalam saat-saat tertentu berbeda. Oleh sebab itu peran birokrasi menjadi sangat strategis dalam rangka menyatukan persepsi dan perspektif antara negara (pemerintah) dan masyarakat sehingga tidak terjadi kekacauan. Kata Kunci: pemerintahan dan birokrasi

scholarly journals Bedeutungswandel der Zivilgesellschaft oder das Elend der Ideengeschichte: Eine kommentierte Übersetzung von Hirata Kiyoakis Aufsatz zum Begriff shimin shakai bei Antonio Gramsci (Teil 1)

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kremers ◽  
Shunsuke Izuta
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Phenomena

AbstractAnmerkungen zu Übersetzung und Zitationsweise: Namen werden mit dem Vornamen voran wiedergegeben. Die Umschrift japanischer Begriffe in lateinischen Lettern (The history of ideas is a history of translations and interpretations, of finding new words for old phenomena and attributing new phenomena to old words. In this commented translation from a Japanese source text, this historical process is demonstrated for the term civil society and the languages German, French, Italian and Japanese. In his 1989 article “On Gramsci’s notion of civil society”, Japanese Marxist Kiyoaki Hirata compared the use of the term by Georg W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci, while translating it to Japanese as

scholarly journals Bedeutungswandel der Zivilgesellschaft oder das Elend der Ideengeschichte: Eine kommentierte Übersetzung von Kiyoaki Hiratas Aufsatz zum Begriff shimin shakai bei Antonio Gramsci (Teil 2)

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-248
Author(s):  
Daniel Kremers ◽  
Shunsuke Izuta
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
New Words ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Documentation ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Government Authority

Abstract Anmerkungen zu Übersetzung und Zitationsweise: Namen werden mit dem Vornamen voran wiedergegeben. Die Umschrift japanischer Begriffe in lateinischen Lettern (rōmaji) erfolgt nach dem Hepburn-System. Alle typografischen Sonderzeichen innerhalb der Übersetzung entsprechen Hervorhebungen des Autors im Original. Anmerkungen und Kommentare der Übersetzer befinden sich in den Fußnoten.The history of ideas is a history of translations and interpretations, of finding new words for old phenomena and attributing new phenomena to old words. In this commented translation from a Japanese source text, this historical process is demonstrated for the term civil society and the languages German, French, Italian and Japanese. In his 1989 article “On Gramsci’s notion of civil society”, Japanese Marxist Kiyoaki Hirata compared the use of the term by Georg W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci, while translating it to Japanese as shimin shakai 市民社会, today a highly popular term in Japan. After having published a translation of the first part of Hirata’s article, in which he endeavors on the connections and differences between Hegel and Marx, we have now translated the second part, in which Hirata reconstructs how Gramsci relied on Hegel and Marx in redefining the concept of civil society (società civile). We have pointed out why the global resurgence of the term civil society during the 1990s was accompanied by the invention of the neologism Zivilgesellschaft, while the classic term bürgerliche Gesellschaft almost fell into disuse in the German language. As both the English and the Japanese discourse on civil society (shimin shakai) continued unaffected by this translative-turn however, we have decided to translate shimin shakai in this pre-1990 text as bürgerliche Gesellschaft. This way we are able underline the fact that Hegel, Marx and Gramsci were writing on and further developing the same concept and that just because they have highlighted different aspects and attributed different functions to it, we do not necessarily need different words for each concept in order to properly understand these continuities and differences. More so we argue that neologisms like Zivilgesellschaft and Bürgergesellschaft have in the German discourse obscured continuities in the history of ideas on civil society. Hiratas text – despite of its weaknesses, such as a neglect of scientific documentation standards and a highly metaphoric and speculative language – is therefore a valuable contribution to highlighting such continuities and worth to be made accessible to a non-Japanese speaking readership. By pointing out the dialectic heritage in Gramsci’s writings, Hirata – much differently from many post-1990 authors – shows that Gramsci’s civil society is not constituted by a set of more or less organized so-called “non-state” actors that enclose and limit government authority, but rather forms an integral part of the state in which a government’s political force is bolstered by an ethical hegemony. It is in civil society that leading groups stabilize their authority over the whole society by educating and persuading the subaltern groups to an active consent to social and economic rules that benefit the interests of the leading group, while on the other hand no subaltern group can ever become politically leading before having established ethical hegemony in civil society.

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