scholarly journals PEMERINTAHAN DAN BIROKRASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desriadi Desriadi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capitalist Class ◽  
The People

Karl Marx states that bureaucracy is a parasitic and exploitative organization. Bureaucracy is an instrument for the powerful class to exploit other social groups of people (in their authority). Bureaucracy functions to maintain the privilege and status quo of the capitalist class. On the other hand, Hegel states that bureaucracy is a system created by the have class to deceive the lower classes to maintain and increase their own welfare. In this case bureaucracy becomes the scapegoat for all mistakes of the ruler toward the people. The whole mistakes of the ruler will finally come back to the bureaucracy which is only an instrument.Hegel explains that bureaucracy is an institution which occupies a neutral organic position in a social structure and it functions as a link in a country in manifesting the general needs civil society which represents special needs. Hegel sees that bureaucracy is bridge created to link different kinds of needs of people and state. Therefore the role of bureaucracy is very significant in unifying the perceptions and perspectives among countries and people in order to avoid a chaos happen. Keywords: governance, bureaucracy KARL MARX mengatakan Birokrasi adalah Organisasi yang bersifat Parasitik dan Eksploitatif. Birokrasi merupakan Instrumen bagi kelas yang berkuasa untuk mengekploitasi kelas sosial yang lain (yang dikuasai). Birokrasi berfungsi untuk mempertahankan privilage dan status quo bagi kepentingan kelas kapitalis. Dalam pandangan Marx yang berbeda dengan Hegel, birokrasi merupakan sistem yang diciptakan oleh kalangan atas (the have) untuk memperdayai kalangan bawah (the have not) demi mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan mereka sendiri. Dalam hal ini birokrasi menjadi kambing hitam bagi kesalahan penguasa terhadap rakyatnya. Segenap kesalahan penguasa akhirnya tertumpu pada birokrasi yang sebenarnya hanya menjadi alat saja.HEGEL mengatakan Birokrasi adalah institusi yang menduduki posisi organik yang netral di dalam struktur sosial dan berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara negara yang memanifestasikan kepentingan umum, dan masyarakat sipil yang mewakili kepentingan khusus dalam masyarakat. Hegel melihat, bahwa birokrasi merupakan jembatan yang dibuat untuk menghubungkan antara kepentingan masyarakat dan kepentingan negara yang dalam saat-saat tertentu berbeda. Oleh sebab itu peran birokrasi menjadi sangat strategis dalam rangka menyatukan persepsi dan perspektif antara negara (pemerintah) dan masyarakat sehingga tidak terjadi kekacauan. Kata Kunci: pemerintahan dan birokrasi

scholarly journals The Role of Germany in the Transnistria Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Bogdan Koszel
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Other ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Main Task ◽  
German Government ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status

The author indicates in the article that the conflict over Transnistria was not int the field of German close interests. The main task of the German government was to maintain good relations with Russia and to grant it the role of the main mediator in the dispute between Moldova and rebellious Transnistria. On the other hand, Germany, as an EU member, sought to stabilize the region and to bring about democratic and pro-European changes in Moldova. Berlin supported negotiations between the conflicted parties within the OSCE framework albeit aware that they were a sham and would not contribute to the resolution of the conflict. Both the people of Transnistria and Moldova are committed to maintaining the status quo. The absence of physical violence and minor economic and legal tensions have encouraged Western Europe to remain indifferent to Transnistria’s problems. In the article the author used the following research methods: historical, descriptive, source analysis and decision making method.

Covid-19 – rumours and facts in media

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Tarare Toshida ◽  
Chaple Jagruti
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

The covid-19 resulted in broad range of spread throughout the world in which India has also became a prey of it and in this situation the means of media is extensively inϑluencing the mentality of the people. Media always played a role of loop between society and sources of information. In this epidemic also media is playing a vital role in shaping the reaction in ϑirst place for both good and ill by providing important facts regarding symptoms of Corona virus, preventive measures against the virus and also how to deal with any suspect of disease to overcome covid-19. On the other hand, there are endless people who spread endless rumours overs social media and are adversely affecting life of people but we always count on media because they provide us with valuable answers to our questions, facts and everything in need. Media always remains on top of the line when it comes to stop the out spread of rumours which are surely dangerous kind of information for society. So on our side we should react fairly and maturely to handle the situation to keep it in the favour of humanity and help government not only to ϑight this pandemic but also the info emic.

scholarly journals Rat Cities and Beehive Worlds: Density and Design in the Modern City

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-756
Author(s):  
Jon Adams ◽  
Edmund Ramsden
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Social System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Nestled among E. M. Forster's careful studies of Edwardian social mores is a short story called “The Machine Stops.” Set many years in the future, it is a work of science fiction that imagines all humanity housed in giant high-density cities buried deep below a lifeless surface. With each citizen cocooned in an identical private chamber, all interaction is mediated through the workings of “the Machine,” a totalizing social system that controls every aspect of human life. Cultural variety has ceded to rigorous organization: everywhere is the same, everyone lives the same life. So hopelessly reliant is humanity upon the efficient operation of the Machine, that when the system begins to fail there is little the people can do, and so tightly ordered is the system that the failure spreads. At the story's conclusion, the collapse is total, and Forster's closing image offers a condemnation of the world they had built, and a hopeful glimpse of the world that might, in their absence, return: “The whole city was broken like a honeycomb. […] For a moment they saw the nations of the dead, and, before they joined them, scraps of the untainted sky” (2001: 123). In physically breaking apart the city, there is an extent to which Forster is literalizing the device of the broken society, but it is also the case that the infrastructure of the Machine is so inseparable from its social structure that the failure of one causes the failure of the other. The city has—in the vocabulary of present-day engineers—“failed badly.”

Role of Reinforcement and Response Cost in Discrimination Learning

1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Trent
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Facilitative Effect ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
The People

Level of anxiety and condition of reinforcement or response cost separately affect the rate of discrimination learning. This study examined the extent to which discrimination learning by people reporting high anxiety or low anxiety was affected by reinforcement or response cost. 40 adults volunteered and were assigned to either the feedback-only, reinforcement-only, response cost-only, or reinforcement-response cost condition. Analysis indicated that people reporting low anxiety and receiving reinforcement for correct responses and response cost for incorrect responses learned the discrimination faster than people in the other groups. A weaker demonstration of the facilitative effect of reinforcement and response cost was noted in the people reporting high anxiety.

scholarly journals Role of political parties in modern processes of state building in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kyrychenko ◽  
Hanna Davlyetova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Political Power ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The People ◽  
Problematic Situations

The article examines the role of political parties in modern state-building processes in Ukraine. The place of political parties in the political and legal system of society is determined. The general directions of overcoming problematic situations of activity of political parties in Ukraine are offered. It is noted that political parties play an important role in the organization and exercise of political power, act as a kind of mediator between civil society and public authorities, influence the formation of public opinion and the position of citizens directly involved in elections to public authorities and local governments. It is determined that in a modern democratic society, political parties carry out their activities in the following areas: the work of representatives of political parties in public authorities and local governments; participation in elections of state authorities and local self-government bodies; promoting the formation and expression of political will of citizens, which involves promoting the formation and development of their political legal consciousness. These areas of political parties determine their role and importance in a modern democratic society, which determines the practical need to improve their activities and improve the national legislation of Ukraine in the field of political parties. Political parties are one of the basic institutions of modern society, they actively influence the ac-tivities of public authorities, economic and social processes taking place in the state and so on. It is through political parties that the people participate in the management of public affairs. Expressing the interest of different social communities, they become a link between the state and civil society. The people have the opportunity to delegate their powers to political parties, which achieves the ability of the people to control political power in several ways, which at the same time through competition of state political institutions and political parties contributes to increasing their responsibility to the people. It is noted that the political science literature has more than 200 definitions of political parties. And approaches to the definition of this term significantly depend on the general context in which this issue was studied by the researcher. It was emphasized that today in Ukraine there are important issues related to the activities of political parties. First of all, it is a significant number of registered political parties that are incapable, ie their political activity is conducted formally or not at all. According to official data from the Department of State Registration and Notary of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, 352 political parties are registered, of which 48 political parties do not actually function. The reason for the liquidation of such parties is not to nominate their candidates for the election of the President of Ukraine and People's Deputies of Ukraine for 10 years. According to this indicator, Ukraine ranks first among other European countries. Thus, 73 political parties are officially registered in Latvia, 38 in Lithuania, 45 in Moldova, 124 in Romania, and 56 in Slovakia. However, despite the large number of officially registered political parties in Ukraine, public confidence in their activities is low. It is concluded that political parties occupy a special place in the political and legal system of society and play an important role in the organization and exercise of political power, as well as a kind of mediator between civil society and public authorities. The general directions of overcoming problematic situations of activity of political parties in Ukraine are offered, namely: introduction of effective and impartial control over activity of political parties; creating conditions for reducing the number of political parties, encouraging their unification; establishment of effective and efficient sanctions for violation of the requirements of the current legislation of Ukraine by political parties.

scholarly journals Coda: Ten Questions for a Diplomat

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Weisbrode
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
The People ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
Historic Change

AbstractThomas Niles served as a United States foreign service officer from 1962 to 1998. His service included three terms as ambassador: to Canada, the European Community, and Greece. He reflects here on the continuities in the diplomatic profession, and, in particular, on embassies, during a period of notable historic change. While many of the protocols and responsibilities of embassies remained more or less the same as they had been for over a century, there were hints that those, too, were about to change in unforeseen ways, even calling into question the central role of embassies as representing and serving the nation-state, as the other articles in this issue discuss. Nevertheless, to this ambassador, at least, even dramatic changes in technology, politics, and culture rarely happen all at once; and the institutions and the people adapting to them may be more cautious or durable than they sometimes appear in retrospect.

scholarly journals Text as Reflection of Multiple Ethnic Identity (on material of autobiographic novels by N. Mandela and P. Abrahams)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-272
Author(s):  
Svitlana Pilishek
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

The article deals with peculiarities of development and manifestation of multiple ethnicity of personality in conditions of polyethnic and multilingual environment that serves as a basis for transformation of both personality’s outlook and ethnic identity as a result of learning the second language. The current research is focused on studying the texts of autobiographic novels by Nelson Mandela (“A Long Walk to Freedom”) and Peter Abrahams (“Tell Freedom”) written in South African variant of English. Identification of original channels of culturally marked lexis that has been identified in the texts of autobiographies mentioned above has made it possible to confirm the facts multiple ethnicity that the authors possess. Language as a complex, evolutionary, hierarchically built megasystem undergoes changes at all levels while existing in a particular cultural and historical environment. The character and dynamics of such changes are predetermined by a range of factors including language contacts. The flexibility and cumulative character of the language system make it possible for the language to borrow culturally marked lexis from the “other” language. Such processes are predetermined by the fact that any language exists in close connection to the envorinment – the people; a language is a means of reality objectivation, a reflection of personality’s world. A personality learns another language, uses it in everyday life, absorbs elements of national cultures that are manifested in language through culturally marked lexis, builds own language picture of the world, and creates a network of multiple ethnicities that find their reflection in language. Interaction between a personality and representatives of other ethnic societies within a particular environment highlights both ethnic integrative and differentiating role of language.

scholarly journals Waśnie martyrologiczne Wielkiej Emigracji. Demokraci wobec Mickiewicza

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Makiko Kihara
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
National Narrative ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Interesting Variation ◽  
Collective Imagination ◽  
Adam Mickiewicz

Today, the martyrological discourse is one of the most conspicuous traditions of Polish Romanti-cism. When searching for the genesis of this discourse, one cannot overestimate the importance of the literary and political activities of Adam Mickiewicz from the autumn of 1832 to the middle of 1833. However, little is known about the problem of the resonance of Mickiewicz’s martyrological language and about how this discourse functioned in various texts of the Great Emigration. This paper attempts to answer those questions in reference to left-leaning texts of Komitet Narodowy Polski (KNP) and To-warzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (TDP) from the 1830s. A study of the writings of KNP has led the author to the conclusion that they represent a common martyrological code of the emigration’s logo-sphere, while the TDP publications constitute an interesting variation of the martyrological collective imagination. The original character of the martyrological expression of the democrats stems from their views on the role of the people in regaining independence. On the other hand, certain common traits existed between TDP and Mickiewicz, which demonstrates that democrats modified the martyrological framework as a national narrative established by Mickiewicz.

scholarly journals AID FOR AFRICA AS ONE OF THE ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY POLISH NGOs: LEGAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

MEST Journal ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Marek Stych ◽  
Beata Pawlica ◽  
Malgorzata Kmak
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The People

This article tackles the issue of aid for African states. Africa is one of the poorest continents, with many people living on the verge of poverty and suffering from malnutrition or famine. Hence, the humanitarian aid provided to the people of this continent is of particular importance. In Poland, such aid activities undertake entities defined in the Polish legal system as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs also conduct many other kinds of activities. The Act on public benefit and volunteer work is an example of creating legal mechanisms for the functioning of civil society in the legal system to provide international aid to those it needs. Assisting other societies is important for modern civil society the same as political or economic cooperations are. The role of NGOs operating in health protection, education, or entrepreneurship areas is crucially important. The authors of this paper discuss the issue of the said aid provided by selected Polish NGOs. The article aims to determine the extent and scope of the assistance to African countries provided by the NGOs, based on the respondents' experiences, whether such assistance is necessary, and what form it should take.

scholarly journals BENTUK DAN PERUBAHAN FUNGSI MUSIK KONGKIL DI DESA BUNGKAL KABUPATEN PONOROGO

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Bina Kiki Rahayuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The People ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Kongkil music was created in 1933 by Eyang Toinangun as a means of gathering the people of Bungkal Village as an effort to resist the Dutch invaders. Kongkil music is an ensemble consisting of instruments of kongkil, kedhang, saron, kethuk, kenong, kempul and gong. In the beginning, Kongkil's music brought songs created by its members with the theme of passion-building, because there was no legacy of the old repertoire of the predecessors. There was an innovation in the form of repertoire changes since 1975, namely bringing dolanan gendhing. Around 2000, Kongkil's music was in a vacuum, then it was revived in 2012 with a new repertoire that presented lancaran and langgam gendhing. The research entitled "The Form and Change of Kongkil Music Function in Bungkal Village, Ponorogo Regency" uses the concept of Edy Sedyawati's thought that changes in social structure and values will cause physical changes and the role of art itself in society. It also causes changes in the structure of forms. These changes cannot be avoided if the art is willing to live within the society. This study uses descriptive qualitative analysis methods.  From this study, it found several things related to the Kongkil Martapura music group, including: (1) History and regeneration of the Kongkil Martapura music group, (2) the forms of performances, instruments and repertoires presented, (3) the factors driving changes in function and its impact on intellectuals and contextual.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document