Cases of alignment at the meso level of institutions, with a high degree of tension or contradiction at the micro level of the individual

Social capital, derived from the individual embeddedness in a net of personal relationships that gives access to a pool of potential resources, is crucial in understanding how some people experience a higher risk of falling into social exclusion. In this article, we related some compositional and structural factors of egocentered networks to various measures on economic deprivation and social exclusion. We considered different explanatory dimensions: ego’s sociodemographic characteristics and ego’s social capital. Social capital was measured both in terms of expressive and instrumental support, and took into account network size, strong ties density, and alters’ average job prestige, differentiating between inherited and achieved capital, a distinction that has deserved little attention so far. We used data from the Spanish General Social Survey 2013 (N = 5,094), a nationally representative database not applied for similar purposes up to the present. Results show how economic deprivation and social exclusion are associated with ascribed and achieved characteristics, both at the micro level (individual) and the meso level (network). At the micro level, women, immigrants, young people, less‐educated people, the unemployed, and those who do not trust others have higher estimated values on the variables with regards to social disadvantage. At the meso level, social exclusion is associated with lower occupational prestige of achieved relationships, fewer contacts for obtaining economic or medical help (but more contacts for childcare) and smaller non‐kin core discussion networks. In a familistic society with a limited welfare system, results help to disentangle the level of dependence people have on their own social resources.

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Semiology of the Pain Syndrome - Identifying the Ideal Methods of Locoregional Anesthesia Based on Their Rationale and Features

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.10.5888 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (10) ◽

pp. 2373-2377

Author(s):

Mihaela Monica Scutariu ◽

Vlad Danila ◽

Corina Ciupilan ◽

Oana Elena Ciurcanu

Keyword(s):

Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Essential Element ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Structuring Element ◽

Technical Accuracy ◽

Locoregional Anesthesia ◽

Special Approach ◽

The Individual ◽

High Degree

Anesthesia and the degree of control over the perception of pain depends on the personality of the individual, the socio-economic conditions, potential previous painful experiences and, last but not least, on fatigue and fear of the dentist. The perception of pain in patients is closely connected to their mental state. Pain is defined as a sensation of discomfort, with wide variations, both in quality and intensity, for different people in seemingly identical conditions; an unpleasant sensitive and emotional phenomena connected to the threat of a wound or caused in the tissues or described in the terms of this disease. The essential element of any type of anesthesia is analgesia, an effect which in some cases cannot be achived, due to the patient�s particularities or the physician�s lack of experience in anesthesia. Locoregional anesthesia (LRA) represents the blocking of the nociceptive sensitive and sympathetic autonomic afferents as well as that of motor efferents at the level of peripheral nerves� axons, by means of local anesthetic. To achieve the set purpose, we carried out a study on a representative human sample comprised of 10.123 patients treated in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic (Ambulatory) from the County Clinic Emergency Hospital St. Spiridon Iasi, between 01.01.2015-31.12.2016. The reason for the exclusion of certain categories of patients in the reseach was: the patients with a special conditions background require individual pre-anesthesia schemes, personalised for the nature of the pre-existing general condition, which must be further approved by the attending specialist physician : cardiologist, internist, diabetologist; children under 18 years old, with a high degree of anxiety; a high precentage of elderly patients, over 60 years old, possess a combination of general issues, thus requiring a special approach. The thoroughness lying at the core of the anesthetic practice, most especially the safegurading of a technical accuracy in the performance of anesthesia [12,], instead of improvisations, the lack of anatomical and stomatological training in general and the resulting inefficiency as such, is the underlying in-depth structuring element of this paper.

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Territories of state-led aquaculture risk management: Thailand’s Plang Yai program

Environment and Planning C Politics and Space ◽

10.1177/2399654420965241 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 239965442096524

Author(s):

Mariska JM Bottema ◽

Simon R Bush ◽

Peter Oosterveer

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Spatially Explicit ◽

Financial Risks ◽

Shared Resources ◽

Globalizing World ◽

Farmer Behavior ◽

Key Policy ◽

The Individual ◽

High Degree

The Thai aquaculture sector faces a range of production, market and financial risks that extend beyond the private space of farms to include public spaces and shared resources. The Thai state has attempted to manage these shared risks through its Plang Yai (or ‘Big Area’) agricultural extension program. Using the lens of territorialization, this paper investigates how, through the Plang Yai program, risk management is institutionalized through spatially explicit forms of collaboration amongst farmers and between farmers and (non-)state actors. We focus on how four key policy instruments brought together under Plang Yai delimited multiple territories of risk management over shrimp and tilapia production in Chantaburi and Chonburi provinces. Our findings demonstrate how these policy instruments address risks through dissimilar but overlapping territories that are selectively biased toward facilitating the individual management of production risks, whilst enabling both the individual and collective management of market and financial risks. This raises questions about the suitability of addressing aquaculture risks by controlling farmer behavior through state-led designation of singular, spatially explicit areas. The findings also indicate the multiple roles of the state in territorializing risk management, providing a high degree of flexibility, which is especially valuable in landscapes shared by many users, connected to (global) value chains and facing diverse risks. In doing so we demonstrate that understanding the territorialization of production landscapes in a globalizing world requires a dynamic approach recognizing the multiplicity of territories that emerge in risk management processes.

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Young Children’s Belonging in Finnish Educational Settings: an Intersectional Analysis

International Journal of Early Childhood ◽

10.1007/s13158-021-00282-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anna-Maija Puroila ◽

Jaana Juutinen ◽

Elina Viljamaa ◽

Riikka Sirkko ◽

Taina Kyrönlampi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Educational Policy ◽

Educational Programs ◽

Macro Level ◽

Educational Settings ◽

Policy Documents ◽

Meso Level ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

Positional Power ◽

Micro Level ◽

Similarities And Differences

AbstractThe study draws on a relational and intersectional approach to young children’s belonging in Finnish educational settings. Belonging is conceptualized as a multilevel, dynamic, and relationally constructed phenomenon. The aim of the study is to explore how children’s belonging is shaped in the intersections between macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of young children’s education in Finland. The data consist of educational policy documents and ethnographic material generated in educational programs for children aged birth to 8 years. A situational mapping framework is used to analyze and interpret the data across and within systems levels (macro-level; meso-level; and micro-level). The findings show that the landscape in which children’s belonging is shaped and the intersections across and within the levels are characterized by the tensions between similarities and differences, majority and minorities, continuity and change, authority and agency. Language used, practices enacted, and positional power emerge as the (re)sources through which children’s (un)belonging is actively produced.

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Perceived marketization in Poland: Translating key concepts of institutional anomie theory to the micro level

European Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1177/1477370821996853 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 147737082199685

Author(s):

Jacek Bieliński ◽

Andreas Hövermann

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Institutional Anomie Theory ◽

Individual Level ◽

Anomie Theory ◽

Representative Random Sample ◽

Order Factor ◽

Micro Level ◽

The Individual

Institutional anomie theory (IAT) describes the potentially criminogenic impact of economically dominated social institutions. Although originally cast at the macro level of society, more efforts have emerged lately to capture the IAT framework on the individual level, resulting in a need for appropriate measures representing the presumed marketization processes. Our study addresses this need by offering a theoretically derived, comprehensive measure of the individual-level instantiation of an anomic culture depicted in IAT, that is, ‘marketized mentality’. Structural equation models testing for the single higher-order factor marketized mentality are calculated with a representative random sample of Poland’s population. Finally, the implications and limitations resulting from the analyses are discussed.

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Challenges to the validity of topic reconstruction

Scientometrics ◽

10.1007/s11192-021-03920-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matthias Held ◽

Grit Laudel ◽

Jochen Gläser

Keyword(s):

Data Model ◽

Ground Truth ◽

Data Models ◽

Bibliographic Coupling ◽

Parameter Setting ◽

Meso Level ◽

Resolution Level ◽

Micro Level ◽

Research Questions ◽

Model Algorithm

AbstractIn this paper we utilize an opportunity to construct ground truths for topics in the field of atomic, molecular and optical physics. Our research questions in this paper focus on (i) how to construct a ground truth for topics and (ii) the suitability of common algorithms applied to bibliometric networks to reconstruct these topics. We use the ground truths to test two data models (direct citation and bibliographic coupling) with two algorithms (the Leiden algorithm and the Infomap algorithm). Our results are discomforting: none of the four combinations leads to a consistent reconstruction of the ground truths. No combination of data model and algorithm simultaneously reconstructs all micro-level topics at any resolution level. Meso-level topics are not reconstructed at all. This suggests (a) that we are currently unable to predict which combination of data model, algorithm and parameter setting will adequately reconstruct which (types of) topics, and (b) that a combination of several data models, algorithms and parameter settings appears to be necessary to reconstruct all or most topics in a set of papers.

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