EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMPLICATIONS OFPERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKS IN ORTHOPEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY : RABAT MILITARYHOSPITAL EXPERIENCE

In recent years, Peripheral Nerve Blocks (PNB) have undergone a significant development due to the simplicity of management of patients under peripheral nerve blocks and especially the quality of postoperative analgesia. This study aims at reviewing the epidemiology and complications of Peripheral nerve blocks. We conducted a prospective surveillance study including all patients who had undergone surgery under peripheral nerve blocks for anesthesia or analgesia in the Trauma Department of the Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat over four (4) years. We recorded demographic characteristics, ASA class, effects of puncture, time of performing peripheral nerve blocks, failure, requirement for further block, perioperative and postoperative complications and theirmanagement. One thousand four hundred and twelve (1412) patients underwent nerve blocks during the study period, representing 49% of anesthetic activity in Trauma Department. The mean age is 35 years old. For 85% of patients, the indication of peripheral nerve blocks was advised for anesthesia and 15% PNBwere purely for analgesia. The most performed anesthetic nerve blocks were the infraclavicular blocks followed by blocks at the humeral canal. For analgesia, the ilio-facial and femoral blocks are the most performed. Minor complications are dominated by vascular punctures and paresthesia. As far asmajor complications are concerned, we noticed four (4) cases of convulsions and two (2) cases of neuropathies. Peripheral locoregional anesthesia is an effective and safe method for anesthesia and analgesia. Minor incidents are frequent, serious complications are possible. Their prevention is achieved through compliance to rules on peripheral nerve blocks performance, contraindication, benefit and risk analysis of each block and ultrasound skills.

THE NEUROPATHIES COMPLICATING PERIPHERAL NERVE BLOCKS: TWO CASES STUDIES

Peripheral nerve blocks have become a gold standard for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in limb and girdle surgeries due to the feeling of security, the simplicity of locoregional anesthesia, the absence of certain adverse effects when general anesthesia and especially in the quality of postoperative analgesia. However, locoregional anesthesia has a certain risk.We present two case reports of peripheral neuropathy after locoregional anesthesia involving the lumbar plexus and median nerve.We discuss through literature review, pathophysiology mechanisms, risk factors, management and prognosis of nerve injury during locoregional anesthesia.

The Effects of Prophylactic Dexmedetomidine Administration on General Anesthesia Recovery Quality in Healthy Dogs Anesthetized With Sevoflurane and a Fentanyl Constant Rate Infusion Undergoing Elective Orthopedic Procedures

To determine the effects of a dexmedetomidine slow bolus, administered prior to extubation, on recovery from sevoflurane-anesthesia and a fentanyl continuous rate infusion (CRI) in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures. Sixty-two client-owned, healthy dogs weighing 27.4 ± 11 kg undergoing elective orthopedic procedures were premedicated with: 0.1 mg/kg hydromorphone intramuscular, 0.05 mg/kg hydromorphone intravenously (IV) or 5 mcg/kg fentanyl IV. Following premedication, dogs were induced with propofol, administered locoregional anesthesia and maintained with sevoflurane and a fentanyl CRI (5–10 mcg/kg/hr). Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 0.5 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine (DEX) or 0.5 ml/kg saline (SAL). Following surgery, patients were discontinued from the fentanyl CRI and administered DEX or SAL IV over 10 min. Following treatment, dogs were discontinued from sevoflurane and allowed to recover without interference. Recoveries were video recorded for 5 min following extubation and assessed by two blinded anesthesiologists using a visual analog scale (VAS; 0–10 cm) and a numerical rating scale (NRS; 1–10). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oximetry (SpO2), temperature, respiratory rate (RR), and end-tidal sevoflurane (EtSevo) and carbon dioxide (EtCO2) concentrations were recorded at specific time-points from induction to 5 min post-bolus administration and analyzed using linear mixed models. Fentanyl, propofol, and hydromorphone dose and the time to extubation were compared using an unpaired t-test. Differences in recovery scores between groups were evaluated with a Mann-Whitney test. Data reported as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range] when appropriate. A p < 0.05 was significant. There were no significant differences between groups in fentanyl, propofol, and hydromorphone dose, duration of anesthesia, intraoperative MAP, HR, RR, SpO2, temperature, EtCO2, EtSevo or anesthetic protocol. MAP was higher in DEX compared to SAL at 10 (104 ± 27 and 83 ± 23, respectively) and 15 (108 ± 28 and 86 ± 22, respectively) min after treatment. DEX had significantly lower VAS [0.88 (1.13)] and NRS [2.0 (1.5)] scores when compared to SAL [VAS = 1.56 (2.59); NRS = 2.5 (3.5)]. Time to extubation (min) was longer for DEX (19.7 ± 11) when compared to SAL (13.4 ± 10). Prophylactic dexmedetomidine improves recovery quality during the extubation period, but prolongs its duration, in sevoflurane-anesthetized healthy dogs administered fentanyl.

Cataract Surgery in One-Eyed Patients: A Cohort Study of 100 Patients

Purpose. To determine the course and outcomes of cataract surgery in one-eyed patients. Methods. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University Hospital of Nice, France. All one-eyed patients who underwent cataract surgery in their functional eye between January 2014 and December 2018 were included. A one-eyed patient was defined as having a visual acuity (VA) ≤20/200 in the other eye. Data were collected from the medical records and included the sociodemographic factors, the past medical history, data from the preoperative and postoperative clinical examinations, the surgical course, and the visual outcomes. Results. One hundred one-eyed patients with a mean age of 74.01 years were included (48 men/52 women). The mean preoperative VA was 20/100 (+0.74 logMAR). The VA ranged between 20/200 and 20/40 in 75 (75%) patients, was >20/40 in 8 (8%), and was <20/200 in 17 (17%) patients. Fifty-eight (58%) patients were operated on an outpatient basis. General or locoregional anesthesia was used in 29 (29%) and 9 (9%) patients, respectively. All cataract surgery procedures were performed by phacoemulsification. Five (5%) patients experienced intraoperative complications. Seventy-three (73%) one-eyed patients achieved a final VA ≥20/40. The mean final VA was 20/50 (+0.37 logMAR) ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. A low rate of intraoperative complications was observed in one-eyed patients during cataract surgery. In most cases, a good visual recovery was achieved after cataract surgery, even in patients who experienced a surgical complication.

Prise En Charge Des Hernies De L’aine Au Chu-Kara (Togo)

Objectif: Evaluer la prévalence de la hernie de l’aine et d’analyser sa prise en charge au CHU-Kara (Togo). Matériel et Méthode: Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective et descriptive qui a été menée du 1er juillet 2014 au 31 décembre 2019 soit 66 mois au CHU Kara. Ont été inclus dans notre étude tous les patients âgés de plus de 15 ans présentant une hernie de l’aine compliquée ou non et ayant été pris en charge pendant la période d’étude. Les patients de moins de 15 ans présentant hernie de l’aine ou les autres formes de hernie de la paroi abdominale ont été exclus de notre étude. Résultats: Au cours de notre période d’étude nous avions opéré 444 hernies de l’aine dont 26 bilatérales sur les 2557 interventions réalisées en chirurgie générale. Parmi les patients opérés de hernie, 371 étaient des hommes et 60 des femmes avec une sex-ratio de 6,1.L’âge moyen était de 48 ans ±17,2.Toutes les professions étaient représentées dominées par les cultivateurs suivies des femmes au foyer. Après examen clinique les formes inguinales et inguino-scrotales prédominaient avec respectivement 60,8% et 37,6%. Parmi ces hernies de l’aine colligées 82 (18,5%) étaient étranglées et 6(1,4%) cas de récidives. Au plan thérapeutique, tous les patients avaient été opérés sous anesthésie loco-régionale. Les techniques opératoires utilisées étaient celle du Bassini dans 355 cas, le Shouldice dans 53 cas, le Lichtenstein dans 26 cas et le Mac Vay dans 10 cas. La durée moyenne du séjour était de 3,7 jours ±4,2. La morbidité a été de 6,5% dominée essentiellement par les hématomes de bourses et les suppurations pariétales. La mortalité est de 0,5%. Conclusion: La hernie de l’aine est très fréquente dans notre pratique. La hernie inguinale est la forme la plus rencontrée. Elle pose le problème de sa prise en charge dans les pays à ressources limitées. Une prise en charge précoce et efficiente permettra de réduire la morbi-mortalité dans nos pays pauvres. Objective: To assess the prevalence of groin hernia and to analyze its management at Kara Teaching Hospital, Togo. Materials and Method: This was a retrospective and descriptive study that was carried out from July 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019, i.e., 66 months at the Kara Teaching Hospital. All patients over 15 years of age with a complicated or uncomplicated groin hernia who were treated during the study period were included in our study. Patients under 15 years of age with a groin hernia or other forms of abdominal wall hernia were excluded from our study. Results: During our study period, we operated on 444 groin hernias, including 26 bilateral out of the 2557 procedures performed in general surgery. Among the hernia operated patients, 371 were men and 60 were women with a sex ratio of 6.1. The mean age was 48 ± 17.2. All professions were represented dominated by farmers followed by housewives. After clinical examination, the anatomo-clinical varieties found were dominated by inguinal forms (60.8%), followed by inguino-scrotal forms (37.6 %). Among collected groin hernias, 82(18.5%) were strangulated alongside with 6(1.4%) cases of recurrence. Therapeutically, all the patients had been operated on under locoregional anesthesia. All patients had undergone hernia repair by laparotomy. The surgical technique used was that of Bassini in 355 cases, Shouldice in 53 cases, Lichtenstein in 26 cases, and Mac Vay in 10 cases. The associated pathologies were taken care of at the same operating time. The mean length of stay was 3.7 days ± 4.2. Morbidity was 6.5%, which is mainly dominated by bursa hematomas and parietal suppurations. Mortality was 0.5%. Conclusion: Groin hernias are very common in our practice. The inguinal hernia is the most common form. Some countries lack adequate resources to effectively treat groin hernia. Early and efficient treatment will reduce morbidity and mortality in poor countries.