Sustaining Cultural Beliefs in the Face of Their Violation: The Case of Gender Stereotypes

2003 ◽  
pp. 268-289
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals Online News Media, Religious Identity and Their Influence on Gendered Politics: Observations from Malawi’s 2014 Elections

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Gunde
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
News Media ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Online News ◽  
Democratic Progressive Party ◽  
Developing Democracies

The rise of the internet has offered the opportunity for the news media to communicate with audiences in many significant ways that may have profound consequences in the shaping of public opinion and transforming lives in the global sphere. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this article examines ways in which online news media could be used to reinforce gender stereotypes by promoting patriarchal religious beliefs and how this may have huge implications on women’s empowerment with regard to political leadership roles in developing democracies. The analysis is drawn from the 2014 Malawi elections, in which a major opposition party used a campaign slogan peppered with sexist religious and cultural connotations to ridicule and vote out of office southern Africa’s first ever female President – Joyce Banda and her People Party (PP). In May 2014, Malawi held national elections and the main contestants were former President Banda representing the PP, Peter Mutharika of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Lazarus Chakwera of the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) and Atupele Muluzi of the United Democratic Front (UDF). Mutharika and the DPP won the elections to wrestle away the presidency from Banda and her People’s Party. This article discusses the campaign slogan – Sesa Joyce Sesa – created by the DPP to attack former President Banda in which Malawi’s significant online news media sites played a critical role in the diffusion of the gendered campaign mantra to resonate with the religious identity of majority the electorate. The article reflects on the potential of new media to consolidate deep-rooted religious and cultural beliefs that marginalise women for leadership positions and the effect this may have on bridging gender inequalities, particularly in political representation in developing democracies.

Funny Women: Social Change and Audience Response to Female Comedians

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Audience Response ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Humor Appreciation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Women's Humor

It is generally acknowledged that gender stereotypes have hindered the development and recognition of women's humor. In the face of rapid expansion of opportunities for women in the comedy field, previous social science analyses may be obsolete. The present researcher assessed response to male and female comedians in the mid-1970s and again in the early 1980s. Comparison of results revealed considerable change in contemporary evaluations of women comedians, whose ratings now equal those of male comics. As both men and women showed enhanced appreciation for comedians of their own gender, it is suggested that reference groups and social perception provide a basis for understanding the role exerted on humor appreciation by gender.

scholarly journals Exploring Sikh Youth in Toronto and Issues of Identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Kaur Gill
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ethnic And Cultural Identity ◽  
Sikh Youth ◽  
Mainstream Culture

My paper investigates ten Punjabi-Sikh youth from the ages of 18 to 25, across Ontario, this study attempts to answer how Sikh youth identify themselves and what external and social influences affect perception and identity. As Punjabi-Sikh youth struggle to find their identity in the midst of competing expectations, they may face institutional and structural barriers that may further complicate their identity. While there is extensive literature on the reception of first generation Sikhs in Canada, there is minimal information on how second-generation Sikhs have integrated within the mainstream culture. There are many important questions to be answered, such as, do Western euro-centric values and beliefs by the mainstream contradict with traditional and cultural beliefs? How do youth accommodate some cultural and religious values over others? Are there multiple oppressions, which are in conflict with retaining an ethnic and cultural identity? How do the values, expectations, and beliefs of Punjabi-Sikh parents differ from their children's? How do youth negotiate their cultural and religious identity in the face of conflicting expectations from parents, school, and their community? These are just some of the questions that will be explored in this study.

scholarly journals Facial Impressions Are Predicted by the Structure of Group Stereotypes

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110242
Author(s):  
Sally Y. Xie ◽  
Jessica K. Flake ◽  
Ryan M. Stolier ◽  
Jonathan B. Freeman ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Group Memberships

Impressions of other people’s faces (e.g., trustworthiness) have long been thought to be evoked by morphological variation (e.g., upturned mouth) in a universal, fixed manner. However, recent research suggests that these impressions vary considerably across perceivers and targets’ social-group memberships. Across 4,247 U.S. adults recruited online, we investigated whether racial and gender stereotypes may be a critical factor underlying this variability in facial impressions. In Study 1, we found that not only did facial impressions vary by targets’ gender and race, but also the structure of these impressions was associated with the structure of stereotype knowledge. Study 2 extended these findings by demonstrating that individual differences in perceivers’ own unique stereotype associations predicted the structure of their own facial impressions. Together, the findings suggest that the structure of people’s impressions of others’ faces is driven not only by the morphological variation of the face but also by learned stereotypes about social groups.

scholarly journals EMOSEX – emotion prevails over sex during implicit judgment of faces

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Korb ◽  
Nace Mikus ◽  
Claudia Massaccesi ◽  
Jack Grey ◽  
Suvarnalata Xanthate Duggirala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Voice Processing ◽  
Male To Female

Appraisals can be influenced by cultural beliefs and stereotypes. In line with this, past research has shown that judgments about the emotional expression of a face are influenced by the face’s sex, and vice versa that judgments about the sex of a person somewhat depend on the person’s facial expression. For example, participants associate anger with male faces, and female faces with happiness or sadness. However, the strength and the bidirectionality of these effects remain debated. Moreover, the interplay of a stimulus’ emotion and sex remains mostly unknown in the auditory domain. To investigate these questions, we created a novel stimulus set of 121 avatar faces and 121 human voices (available at https://bit.ly/2JkXrpy) with matched, fine-scale changes along the emotional (happy to angry) and sexual (male to female) dimensions. In a first experiment (N=76), we found clear evidence for the mutual influence of facial emotion and sex cues on ratings, and moreover for larger implicit (task-irrelevant) effects of stimulus’ emotion than of sex. These findings were replicated and extended in two preregistered studies – one laboratory categorisation study using the same face stimuli (N=108; https://osf.io/ve9an), and one online study with vocalisations (N=72; https://osf.io/vhc9g). Overall, results show that the associations of maleness-anger and femaleness-happiness exist across sensory modalities, and suggest that emotions expressed in the face and voice cannot be entirely disregarded, even when attention is mainly focused on determining stimulus’ sex. We discuss the relevance of these findings for cognitive and neural models of face and voice processing.

Women Hold Up Half the Sky? Informal Institutions, Entrepreneurial Decisions, and Gender Gap in Venture Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 104225872098070
Author(s):  
Eric Yanfei Zhao ◽  
Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Entrepreneurial Firms ◽  
Role Congruity Theory ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Venture Performance

Studies that apply gender role congruity theory (GRCT) have focused on resource providers’ biased evaluations and women entrepreneurs’ internalization of gender stereotypes as primary mechanisms explaining the gender gap in venture performance. We provide an institutional foundation for GRCT and argue that informal political–cultural institutions—namely, government interference in market-based competition and cultural beliefs regarding gender inequality—differentially shape male versus female entrepreneurs’ venture performance through their influences on entrepreneurs’ industry selection and participation in after-work social activities. Our study of 7,626 Chinese entrepreneurial firms provides strong support for our arguments and contributes to women’s entrepreneurship theory and practice.

The Gender Gap in Wages

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488
Author(s):  
Jane Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

Explanations of the gender pay gap and related labor market segregation remain fiercely debated. On the one side are those economic historians who take a primarily neoclassical view, in which competition among workers and employers eliminates wage differences that do not reflect productivity and occupational segregation that is not the outcome of choice. Persistent discrimination must reflect anticompetitive institutions, for instance, trade unions. A corollary of the neoclassical perspective is that markets are liberating, freeing agents, including women, from cultural stereotypes and ensuring that they get paid what they are worth, although of course this need not imply wage equality if there are gender differences in productivity. On the other side are those cultural historians who interpret wage differences as reflecting custom and, as far as women are concerned, the cultural deprecation of women's work, while occupational segregation represents gender stereotypes of fit work for women. In this view, socially and culturally constructed gender identities can influence market outcomes, producing discrimination in wages and work that persists even in the face of competitive forces.

The Impact of Gender Stereotypes on Voting for Women Candidates by Level and Type of Office

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 573-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Dolan ◽  
Timothy Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
The Public ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Male Stereotypes ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The U.S

Previous research has documented that the public often views women candidates through the lens of gender stereotypes. However, as much of this work draws on experimental designs and hypothetical candidates, we have less information about whether and how voters employ stereotypes in the face of real candidates for office. This project examines one important aspect of the impact of stereotypes on the fate of actual women candidates: whether gender stereotypes have a different influence on elections for different levels and types of offices. Previous research suggests that voters are more likely to apply male stereotypes and evaluate candidates differently as the level of office increases and as we consider executive versus legislative office. The research reported here draws on new data that capture voter attitudes and behaviors in real-world elections to test a series of hypotheses related to when and how gender stereotypes affect candidates for the U.S. Congress and governorships. In general, we find little evidence to support claims that voters stereotype women candidates differently when they seek different kinds of offices.

scholarly journals Do regional gender and racial biases predict gender and racial biases in social face judgments?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
The Face ◽  
Trait Impressions

Trait impressions from faces are more simplified for women than men. This bias stems from gender stereotypes; when strong stereotypes exist for a group of faces (e.g., of women’s or Blacks’), they are evaluated more positively/negatively when they fit/violate the stereotypes, making the impressions simpler (i.e., more one-dimensional). In this preregistered study, using trait impression ratings of faces collected from various world regions (+11,000 participants in 48 countries), scores of implicit associations (+18,000 and +212,000 participants in +200 countries), and mixed-effects models, we ask (1) whether simplified facial impressions are found for women and Blacks across regions and (2) whether the regional level of stereotypes about genders and races is correlated with the level of simplification in the face-based impressions of women and Blacks, respectively. The results were not coherent across analyses. The interpretation of the results and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document