scholarly journals Thirty Years in the Service of the Habsburgs: Insight into the Devoted Work of the Turkish Dragoman (Interpreter) Johann Adam Lachowitz (1678–1709)

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-767
Author(s):  
Hajnalka Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
State Structure ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Peace Treaties

The article focuses on the career and activities of Johann Adam Lachowitz. In December 1707, the Commander of Pétervárad (present day Петроварадин (Petrovaradin) in Serbia) nominated him as the head of a committee which met with the Ottoman commissaries on the border between the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empire. The committee was created to negotiate in the case of 55 Muslim and Greek merchants who were murdered in Kecskemét on April 3, 1707. The negotiations took almost one and a half years and were his last completed assignment. He died a few months later, just after the consensus was reached in May 1709. Lachowitz did not have a violent death, but one can assume that the deplorable living conditions he had to endure his whole life, might have largely contributed to his indisposition and subsequent death. This paper shall provide an insight into these living conditions. The research on the career of the Turkish interpreter, later the Chief interpreter and then the secretary, can further enrich the academic narratives about the lives, services and office advancements of the lower officials in the Habsburg diplomatic organization. The interpreters (in the presented case, the interpreters of Oriental languages (dragomen)) assisted both courts with their services, which were arduous and often required personal sacrifices. They were the backbone of all the diplomatic structures in the Sublime Porte, in Vienna and on the Habsburg–Ottoman border as well. The outbreak of conflicts, the process of peace making and the corroboration of peace treaties were dependant on their contributions. Even though they were not soldiers, they nevertheless risked their lives while serving in an especially influential part of the Habsburg state structure.

scholarly journals A Struggle for Survival: Genoese Diplomacy with the Sublime Porte in the Face of Spanish and French Opposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-565
Author(s):  
F. Özden Mercan
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Small State ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Face ◽  
Strategic Factors ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract During the sixteenth century Genoa became a significant ally of the Habsburg Empire. Shared political, commercial, financial, and strategic factors tied the Genoese patricians firmly to Spain. However, their alliance was by no means permanent. The relations between the Genoese and the Spanish crown were not without tensions and conflict. In the mid-sixteenth century, the combination of various factors set the stage for Genoa to reconfigure its alliances in the Mediterranean. Having fallen victim to the Habsburg and Valois conflict and being torn between the two, Genoa was forced to resort to an alternative imperial power, the Ottoman Empire, to protect its integrity and independence, as well as to engage in the Levant trade. This article focuses on this moment of crisis in Genoa and analyzes how it led the Genoese to consider shifting their alliance from the Habsburgs to the Ottomans, who were the former’s most compelling rival in the Mediterranean. Although the Genoese endeavor ultimately ended in failure, the idea of a potential alliance with the Ottomans and the efforts Genoa invested in its diplomatic negotiations provides insight into the strategies a small state used to survive at a time when imperial rivalry over the Mediterranean was escalating.

Human remains from Nemrik, Iraq. An insight into living conditions and burial customs in a Pre-Pottery Neolithic village

Paléorient ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak ◽  
Alina Wiercinska ◽  
Stefan Karol Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Remains ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Burial Customs ◽  
Insight Into

Insight into the formation of H-bonds propagating the monomeric zinc complexes of a tridentate reduced Schiff base to form an infinite chain

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mainak Karmakar ◽  
Antonio Frontera ◽  
Shouvik Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Dft Calculations ◽  
Zinc Complexes ◽  
Infinite Chain ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Solid State Structure ◽  
Reduced Schiff Base ◽  
Insight Into

The formation of an infinite 1D assembly is governed by the H-bonding interactions in the solid state structure of the two zinc complexes. It has been analyzed energetically using DFT calculations and several computational tools.

scholarly journals What is the Meaning of Immanuel Kant’s Notion of the Human Being as the Ultimate End of Nature?

Problemos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Danutė Bacevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Vulnerability ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Ethical Vision ◽  
Insight Into

The article explores Kant’s notion of the human being as the ultimate end of nature, presenting an ethical interpretation of this notion. The author of this article believes that the analysis of Kant’s assumptions will allow a deeper understanding of our own hermeneutical situation, in which ecological problems force us to rethink our relationship with nature and the meaning of human existence. Analyzing Kant’s early texts on Lisbon earthquake and his reflection on the sublime in the Critique of Judgement, the author asks how the experience of an uncontrolled natural element complements Kant’s ethical vision of nature’s teleology. Emphasizing the importance of insight into human vulnerability for the implementation of moral purpose in nature, the article outlines guidelines for interpretation that allow the relevance of Kant’s position in the context of contemporary environmental ethics.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF ANNUAL PAYMENTS TO THE CRIMEAN KHANATE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 18TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Bazarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Key Issues

Тhe paper considers diplomatic struggle around fixing in the Russian-Turkish agreements the refusal of annual payments to the Crimean Khan. This problem was one of the key issues in Russia’s relations with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate during the Petrine era. The participation of Crimean diplomacy in the discussion of the problem at the Russian-Turkish peace talks remains poorly studied in Russian historiography. The Treaty of Constantinople (1700) secured the abolition of annual payments to the Crimean Khanate. However, the failure of the Prut campaign and non-fulfilment of Russian-Turkish peace agreements obligations by the tsar led to the renewal of the demand for annual payments. In 1711 and 1712, during negotiations with Russian ambassadors, the Ottomans did not insist on including to the peace treaty a clause on payments to the Crimean Khan and were content with oral promises. A difficult diplomatic struggle on the “Crimean dacha” unfolded at the peace talks in 1713, when Kaplan I Giray joined the active discussion of the problem. The clause on Crimean payments (without declaring direct obligations) was included in the text of the Adrianople (1713) and Constantinople (1720) treaties. By supporting the “khan’s claims” at the Russian-Turkish peace talks, the Sublime Porte demonstrated the readiness to protect the interests of its vassal. Peter I regarded the return of the clause about the “Crimean dacha” as a blow to Russia’s international prestige.

An insight into the non-covalent Pb⋯S and S⋯S interactions in the solid-state structure of a hemidirected lead(ii) complex

CrystEngComm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saikat Mirdya ◽  
Snehasis Banerjee ◽  
Shouvik Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Dft Calculations ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Solid State Structure ◽  
Insight Into

A hemi-directed copper(ii)/lead(ii) complex has been synthesized and characterized. The energy of chalcogen–chalcogen and tetrel bonding interactions in this complex was analyzed by DFT calculations.

Статейные списки русских послов в Османской империи П.П. Шафирова и М.Б. Шереметева 1711–1714 гг.

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Bazarova
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Peace Treaties

The article examines the accounting documents (“Stateinye spiski”) of the Russian ambassadors, Peter Shafirov and Michael Sheremetev, in Istanbul during the years 1711–1714. They were assembled several years after the embassy returned to Russia, in 1721, and are currently held in archives in Moscow and St. Petersburg. “Stateinye spiski” show complex circumstances in which the Russian ambassadors had to struggle in order to sign a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire after the unsuccessful Prut campaign. The documents are daily reports that contain descriptions of events, the contents of letters sent and received, the text of decrees, and papers associated with peace treaties projects. Particularly significant are descriptions of the diplomats’ actions during conference preparation and during meetings with Turkish representatives; features of etiquette are also noted.

The ‘Dosografa’ church in the treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Roderic H. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
Turkish Text ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

By the treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774, which marked a disastrous defeat of the Ottoman empire by Russia, the Russians were accorded the right to build a church in Istanbul, in the Galata quarter. The treaty further specified that the church was to be under the protection of the Russian minister, who could make representations concerning it to the Sublime Porte. This church, and the Russian right to protect it and to make representations about it, furnished much of the basis on which Russian governments, in later years, built a claim to a broader right to protect the Greek Orthodox Church, even the Greek Orthodox people, in the Sultan's domains. The claims were exaggerated, but since the church in Istanbul was to be ‘of the Greek ritual’, as article 14 of the treaty said, the connexion seemed logical. The Turkish text of the treaty, however, as Cevdet Pasa reproduces it in his history, makes no mention of a church ‘of the Greek ritual’. Instead, his article 14 specifies that this church is to be called the dusugrafa or dosografa church ().

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