scholarly journals Response of Corn to Acidity Factors in Eight Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Robert W. Pearson ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Close Relationship

The effect of soil acidity factors was determined on yields and foliar composition of corn grown on Ultisols and Oxisols typical of the Humid Tropics. Soil pH values increased from about 3.8 with a base saturation of around 20 percent to about pH 5 with a base saturation of around 70 percent based on cation exchange capacities determined with neutral ammonium acetate. The low pH values in relation to exchangeable base contents are explained by the presence of free salts. The level of aluminum saturation of the soil based on exchange capacities as determined with ammonium acetate decreased from 40-percent at about pH 3.9 to 0 at about pH 5.2. The Ultisols had a high content of exchangeable aluminum when acid but the more weathered Oxisols contained little aluminum. A very close relationship exists between exchangeable base (Ca + Mg) and aluminum values based on total exchange capacities determined either with ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 or by the sum of cations at a given pH permitting conversion of one value to another. Corn responded strongly to liming particularly on the Ultisols which had high exchangeable aluminum content when acid. Calcium content of the corn leaves increased with soil base content and with yields but foliar composition was not otherwise affected by liming. Corn yields increased with pH to about 5.2 at which pH level these soils contained essentially no exchangeable aluminum, with exchangeable base content as determined with ammonium acetate to about the 70-percent saturation level, and with decreasing exchangeable aluminum in the soil to essentially 0. Soil pH, exchangeable base, and exchangeable aluminum content were effective criteria for liming these soils.

scholarly journals Response of Green Beans to Acidity Factors in Six Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Jacinto Figarella ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Intensively Managed

The effect of soil acidity factors on yields and foliar composition of intensively managed green beans was determined in Ultisols and an Oxisol typical of the Humid Tropics. Beans responded very strongly to liming on all six soils. Calcium content of the bean leaves increased and manganese content decreased with increasing lime rates and with yields. Bean yields increased with increasing soil pH to about 5.2 at which level these soils contained essentially no exchangeable aluminum. Bean yields increased with increasing exchangeable soil base content to about 70-percent saturation based on cation exchange capacities as determined with ammonium acetate at pH 7. Bean yields increased with decreasing exchangeable soil aluminum to essentially 0. Soil pH and exchangeable base and aluminum contents were effective criteria for liming these soils.

scholarly journals A survey of the pH status and related fertility factors of sugarcane fields of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Vélez-Ramos ◽  
Miguel A. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Production Areas

A field survey was initiated in the main sugarcane production areas of Puerto Rico to determine the pH status of sugarcane soils and those specific soil factors that influence growth and development, such as exchangeable cations, percentage base saturation (% BS) and lime requirement. Soil samples from Coloso, Plata, Arecibo, Humacao, Yabucoa and Eureka areas were analyzed for pH, available P, Fe and Mn; exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Al; percentage base saturation and lime requirements. Soil pH ranged from as low as 3.2 to a high of 8.1. Sixty-eight percent of the soil samples analyzed showed pH values below 5.5. The lowest soil pH values were observed in the Eureka area and the highest in Arecibo, whereas in the Coloso, Plata, Humacao and Yabucoa areas pH values were intermediate with readings between 4 and 5 as an average. Eighty percent of the soil samples from Plata, 40.0% of those from Eureka and 40.5% of those from Coloso had pH values below 4.5. All soil samples collected in Humacao and Yabucoa (except one) showed pH values below 5.5. No definite trend was observed when sugarcane yield per acre and soil pH for the Yabucoa-Humacao area were compared. In general, P and K were low in all regions sampled, whereas Ca and Mg values were higher in the Coloso than in the Yabucoa-Humacao regions. Soils from the Coloso region showed higher levels of exchangeable Al and higher percentages of Al saturation than soils from the Yabucoa-Humacao region. This fact, together with a lower % BS should aggravate acidity problems in the Coloso region. Percentage base saturation was good at the higher pH readings.

scholarly journals Effect of Depth of Lime Application on Yield and Foliar Composition of Soybeans Grown on a Typical Ultisol of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
T. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Line Equation ◽  
Lime Application

The effects of lime applied at 20, 40, and 60 cm depths, and calcium nitrate applied in the top 20 cm, in terms of yield of two soybean crops, Jupiter variety, and on the factors of soil acidity in Humatas clay (a typical upland Ultisol of Puerto Rico) were determined. Highly significant and significant correlations between soybean yield and factors of soil acidity of the topmost 60 cm of the soil profile were measured in the first and second crops, respectively. A straight line equation best described the results. As long as 33 months following the lime application in treatments bearing lime in the top 20 cm layer, increases of soil pH and bases and subsequent decreases in the exchangeable aluminum content of the 20 to 40 cm layer beneath were evident and indicative of lime movement.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Acidity and Liming on Yields and Composition of Sugarcane Growing on an Ultisol

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Juárez ◽  
Raúl Pérez Escolar ◽  
José Vicente Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Humid Region ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum

Variable liming and heavy fertilization of a Cialitos clay (ultisol) over a 7-year period markedly affected soil properties and yields of subsequently planted sugarcane. A total of 3,680 pounds of N, 480 pounds of P, and 2,870 pounds of K had been applied per acre to all plots over this period. Cane yields increased from less than 1 ton per acre, when no lime had been applied, to over 40 tons when a total of 20 tons of limestone had been applied per acre over the previous 7-year period. Yields increased with increasing exchangeable base content in the upper 6 inches of soil from less than 10 tons per acre when exchangeable bases dropped below 3 meq., to over 40 tons when exchangeable bases exceeded 8 meq./l00 g. of soil (58-percent base saturation). Cane yields increased with decreasing exchangeable Al from less than 10 tons, when exchangeable Al exceeded 8 meq., to over 40 when exchange able Al was less than 2 meq./100 g. of soil. Yields increased with increasing soil pH, but the presence of free salts in this heavily fertilized soil made pH an unreliable criterion for determining the need for liming. Applying 8 tons of limestone per acre to the surface of a very acid Cialitos clay before planting increased cane yields from an average of 12.4 to 34.5 tons per acre, and decreased exchangeable Al from 7.3 to 0.5 meq. per 100 g. of soil. The foliar composition at 9 months of age, and the sucrose content of the sugarcane were not affected by the soil factors studied, or by lime applications, and remained unchanged, at satisfactory levels, in plots yielding from almost 0 to over 40 tons of cane per acre. A survey showed that in many sugarcane soils of the Humid Region exchangeable aluminum exceeded levels that depressed cane yields on Cialitos clay in this experiment.

WATER-SOLUBLE AND EXCHANGEABLE ALUMINUM IN ACID SOILS AS AFFECTED BY LIMING AND FERTILIZATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
High Fertilization ◽  
Surface Soil Ph ◽  
Representative Samples

The concentration of water-soluble and exchangeable aluminum was determined in the 0–15-, 15–23-, 23–30- and 30–45-cm depths of a Podzol limed to provide surface soil pH values ranging from 4.5 to 7.2. Both soluble and exchangeable Al decreased with increasing soil pH. Soluble Al ranged from 5.7 ppm at pH 4.4 with high fertilization to 0.3 ppm at pH 6.5 with similar fertilization. Increasing the rate of fertilization at pH 4.5 raised the soluble Al from 2.6 to 5.7 ppm. Fertilization still doubled the soluble Al in soil at pH 5.1 but had little effect as the pH was raised further to 5.8 and 6.5. Soluble Al in the subsoil samples was less than in surface soil samples at the same pH, while with exchangeable Al, the concentration was greater in the subsoil than in the surface soil samples.There was not a direct relationship between pH and soluble Al, although the highest soluble Al concentrations occurred at lowest soil pH levels. Analyses of 30 representative samples of surface soil taken from farmers' fields showed that the soluble Al concentration at pH 4.0 ranged from 3.5 to 4.8 ppm, while at a pH of 5.0 it ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 ppm. The concentrations of soluble Al in many of these soils exceeded the levels previously shown by nutrient solution experiments to severely restrict growth of legumes and some varieties of barley.

THE EXTRACTION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS FROM SOILS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Wyoming Bentonite

A study was made of techniques for the measurement of soil pH and corrected lime potential and for the extraction of exchangeable cations from soils. The experiments showed that in order to obtain stable and reliable pH values and ion concentrations it was necessary to equilibrate the soil samples in CaCl2 (0.005 to 0.02 M) for 4 to 5 days. After the soil was washed twice with water, the exchangeable cations were extracted from the equilibrated samples by shaking for 16 to 24 hours with 100 ml 2 N NaCl for 0.5 to 2.5 meq of exchangeable cations. In order to obtain reliable values for exchangeable Al with the soils studied, it was necessary to use a colorimetric method instead of titration with NaOH. When these precautions were observed the relation between corrected lime potential and percent base saturation for a number of soils agreed within reasonable experimental error with the theoretical one obtained for Wyoming bentonite.

Soil acidity in 1970 and 1989 in a coniferous forest in southwest Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Westman ◽  
S. Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Repeated Sampling

Forest soil pH in southwest Finland was measured with identical sampling and analysing methods in 1970 and 1989. The acidity of the organic humus layer increased significantly as pH values measured on water and on salt suspensions decreased between the two sampling dates. For the mineral soil layers, no unambiguous trend was found. pH values measured on salt suspension tended to be unchanged or lower, while pH on water suspension in some soil layers were even higher in 1989 than in 1970. Key words: pH, repeated sampling

scholarly journals Studies on calcium content in sea water: III. calcium in the waters of Cananéia lagoon and its adjacent regions, state of São Paulo, Brazil

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kato
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Calcium Distribution ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Bacterial Decomposition ◽  
Land Water

In this paper a series of geochemical investigations are reported with respect to calcium contents in different waters collected from the sea off the coast of Cananéia, the lagoon surrounding Cananéia Island and from Nóbrega river (one of the saline branches from the lagoon, also called "marigot"). An almost direct relation of calcium to chlorinity, 0.02168 in average, similar to that of the outer Atlantic water, 0.02156, was observed in the coastal water. This indicates that the terrigenous supply of calcium might not contribute very much to the calcium content in the coastal water. The inflow of land water to the lagoon of Cananéia does not increase the calcium content of the lagoon water, where a slight depression of the Ca/Cl gradient (namely 0.0206) was observed. This characteristic of the calcium distribution is more remarkable in the water of the "marigot", branching off from the lagoon. An extremely low gradient of calcium to chlorinity, 0.0177 is one of the geochemical characteristics found in tropical estuaries where active bacterial decomposition of deposited organic materials renders the geochemical properties of the water more acid and more reduced. The low content of calcium in land water, 4-6 mg/Ca/kg, has also of course, a close relationship to this peculiar aspect of the calcium distribution in the coastal water, and further in the Atlantic water off the Brazilian coast.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Soil Collected from Lixisol of Typical Karst Areas in the Presence of CaCO3 and Soil Clay and Their Competition Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7315
Author(s):  
Guandi He ◽  
Zhenming Zhang ◽  
Xianliang Wu ◽  
Mingyang Cui ◽  
Jiachun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
High Risk Area ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

The content of heavy metals in the soil in Guizhou Province, which is a high-risk area for heavy metal exposure, is significantly higher than that in other areas in China. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of CaCO3 and clay to accumulate heavy metals in topsoil sample collected from Lixisol using the method of indoor simulation. The results showed that the contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg and As in the soil sample were 10.8 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 0.489 mg/kg, 23.5 mg/kg, 22.7 mg/kg, 58.3 mg/kg and 45.4 mg/kg, respectively. The soil pH values increased with the CaCO3 concentration in the soil, and the fluctuation of the soil pH values was weak after the CaCO3 concentrations reached 100 g/kg. The adsorption capacity of lime soil increased by approximately 10 mg/kg on average, and the desorption capacity decreased by approximately 300 mg/kg on average. The desorption of all heavy metals in this study did not change with increasing clay content. Pseudo-second-order kinetics were more suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics of heavy metals on the soil material, as evidenced by the higher R2 value. The Freundlich model can better describe the adsorption process of As on lime soil. The process of As, Cr, Cd and Hg adsorption on the soil sample was spontaneous and entropy-driven. Additionally, the process of Cu and Pb adsorption on the soil materials was spontaneous and enthalpy-driven. Generally, the adsorption and desorption of heavy metals in polluted soil increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing CaCO3 content. The effect of calcium carbonate on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil was greater than that of clay. In summary, CaCO3 and pH values in soil can be appropriately added in several areas polluted by heavy metals to enhance the crop yield and reduce the adsorption of heavy metals in soils.

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