scholarly journals Effect of Soil Acidity and Liming on Yields and Composition of Sugarcane Growing on an Ultisol

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Juárez ◽  
Raúl Pérez Escolar ◽  
José Vicente Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Humid Region ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum

Variable liming and heavy fertilization of a Cialitos clay (ultisol) over a 7-year period markedly affected soil properties and yields of subsequently planted sugarcane. A total of 3,680 pounds of N, 480 pounds of P, and 2,870 pounds of K had been applied per acre to all plots over this period. Cane yields increased from less than 1 ton per acre, when no lime had been applied, to over 40 tons when a total of 20 tons of limestone had been applied per acre over the previous 7-year period. Yields increased with increasing exchangeable base content in the upper 6 inches of soil from less than 10 tons per acre when exchangeable bases dropped below 3 meq., to over 40 tons when exchangeable bases exceeded 8 meq./l00 g. of soil (58-percent base saturation). Cane yields increased with decreasing exchangeable Al from less than 10 tons, when exchangeable Al exceeded 8 meq., to over 40 when exchange able Al was less than 2 meq./100 g. of soil. Yields increased with increasing soil pH, but the presence of free salts in this heavily fertilized soil made pH an unreliable criterion for determining the need for liming. Applying 8 tons of limestone per acre to the surface of a very acid Cialitos clay before planting increased cane yields from an average of 12.4 to 34.5 tons per acre, and decreased exchangeable Al from 7.3 to 0.5 meq. per 100 g. of soil. The foliar composition at 9 months of age, and the sucrose content of the sugarcane were not affected by the soil factors studied, or by lime applications, and remained unchanged, at satisfactory levels, in plots yielding from almost 0 to over 40 tons of cane per acre. A survey showed that in many sugarcane soils of the Humid Region exchangeable aluminum exceeded levels that depressed cane yields on Cialitos clay in this experiment.

Effect of Soil pH and Related Acidity Factors on Yields of Sweetpotatoes and Soybeans Grown on Typical Soils of the Humid Tropics

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

The effects of soil pH and related acidity factors on the yields of sweetpotatoes, Miguela var., and soybeans, Jupiter var., were determined on typical Oxisols and Ultisols of Puerto Rico. The study revealed no significant effect of pH and acidity factors on the yield of the sweetpotato variety, which was quite tolerant to high soil acidity and exchangeable Al. Yields were similar to those obtained by other researchers who worked with other varieties. Soybeans, although relatively tolerant to high levels of exchangeable Al, were adversely affected when values surpassed 5.5 meq/100 g of soil in a clayey Ultisol. Exchangeable base content was directly related to soybean yield grown on a light textured Oxisol. Yields obtained are considered excellent. Highly significant correlations between soybean leaf N content and yield was found in the clayey Ultisol.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XII. Tomatoes

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The effect of acidity factors of two Ultisols and one Oxisol on yield and foliar composition of tomatoes was determined. Yields were not markedly reduced by acidity in the Ultisols until pH dropped to around 4.6 with 45% Al saturation of the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and no yield was produced at about pH 4.1 and 80% Al saturation. In the Oxisol, tomato yields dropped steadily from 39.7 t/ha, when there was no exchangeable AI, to 17.5 t/ha at the highest level of acidity, pH 4.4 and 43% AI saturation. In all soils, yields were closely correlated with soil pH, exchangeable Al and Ca and Al/Ca.

Temporal variation in soil acidity

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
N. C. Uren ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
G. J. Poile ◽  
B. R. Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Eastern Australia

Seasonal variation in the response of crops and pastures to limestone application has been observed on acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. Our hypothesis was that temporal variation in soil acidity related factors may contribute to this variable response. Soils from 4 annual pasture sites were sampled at least monthly for 3 years during 1988–1990 to monitor changes in pH(CaCl2) and in concentrations of exchangeable aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn). The sites received no fertiliser or cultivation and therefore allowed for the estimation of natural temporal variation. Temporal variation in soil pH during a year ranged from 0 to 0·45 pH units depending on the site, soil depth, and the weather conditions. The larger changes in soil pH were associated with more extreme climatic conditions than normal, e.g. following the break of season after a hot, dry summer (autumn 1988) or during periods of above-average rainfall in autumn and early spring (1990). Temporal variation in pH was less than the spatial variability at the sites but greater than the long-term net acidification rate reported for the region. Temporal variation in the concentration of exchangeable Al ranged from 0 to 0·4 cmol(+)/kg during a year and varied primarily with the inverse of pH. Variations in the concentration of exchangeable Mn ranged from 0·05 to 0·35 cmol(+)/kg during a year. The concentration of exchangeable Mn increased over summer to an extent dependent on the drying of the soil. At the 2 sites with duplex profiles, maxima in the concentration of exchangeable Mn also occurred in spring, particularly in the warm wet spring of 1990. Soil tests for soil acidity therefore represent guides to probable risks of toxicity, as pH and the concentrations of exchangeable Al and Mn may change between soil sampling, sowing, and the period of crop or annual pasture growth. Such variations will alter the responsiveness of crops and pastures to lime.

scholarly journals Mung bean response during immobilization of exchangeable aluminum in acidic soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Skwira ◽  
Agata Jakóbik-Kolon ◽  
Jerzy Ciba
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Soil Incubation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
Stalk Length

AbstractA soil incubation and shot-term plant growth experiment was conducted to study the effect of ferruginous mineral application on exchangeable Al immobilization. The mineral containing mainly siderite was mixed at various rates with A-horizon soil and incubated at 80% humidity for 45 days. Following the incubation, a short-term plant growth test was carried out using mung beans. The ferruginous mineral application into tested soil resulted in a reduction of the exchangeable aluminum concentration and soil acidity. An increase in root growth and stalk length, as well as a general improvement of plant condition was observed in the case of ferruginous mineral application. This observation was confirmed by chemical analysis of roots and stalks. The greatest amount of essential elements: calcium and magnesium and the lowest amount of aluminum were determined in green part of mung beans sown in the soil with addition of 2% ferruginous mineral.

scholarly journals Response of Corn to Acidity Factors in Eight Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Robert W. Pearson ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Close Relationship

The effect of soil acidity factors was determined on yields and foliar composition of corn grown on Ultisols and Oxisols typical of the Humid Tropics. Soil pH values increased from about 3.8 with a base saturation of around 20 percent to about pH 5 with a base saturation of around 70 percent based on cation exchange capacities determined with neutral ammonium acetate. The low pH values in relation to exchangeable base contents are explained by the presence of free salts. The level of aluminum saturation of the soil based on exchange capacities as determined with ammonium acetate decreased from 40-percent at about pH 3.9 to 0 at about pH 5.2. The Ultisols had a high content of exchangeable aluminum when acid but the more weathered Oxisols contained little aluminum. A very close relationship exists between exchangeable base (Ca + Mg) and aluminum values based on total exchange capacities determined either with ammonium acetate at pH 7.0 or by the sum of cations at a given pH permitting conversion of one value to another. Corn responded strongly to liming particularly on the Ultisols which had high exchangeable aluminum content when acid. Calcium content of the corn leaves increased with soil base content and with yields but foliar composition was not otherwise affected by liming. Corn yields increased with pH to about 5.2 at which pH level these soils contained essentially no exchangeable aluminum, with exchangeable base content as determined with ammonium acetate to about the 70-percent saturation level, and with decreasing exchangeable aluminum in the soil to essentially 0. Soil pH, exchangeable base, and exchangeable aluminum content were effective criteria for liming these soils.

Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. X. Pigeon Peas

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443
Author(s):  
F. Abruña ◽  
E. Rivera ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Leaf Composition

The effect of various soil acidity factors on yield and leaf composition of pigeon peas [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] was determined in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. Pigeon peas barely responded in yield to soil acidity levels in the Oxisol, but responded strongly to variations in soil acidity in the two Ultisols. Yields increased from almost zero at the highest level of acidity (about pH 4 and 80% Al saturation) to more than 8 t/ha at about pH 6.0 with no exchangeable Al present. Yields increased with increasing soil pH, decreasing exchangeable Al content, and increasing exchangeable Al:Ca ratio. Yields were highest when pH was about 6.0, exchangeable Al was less than 20%, and exchangeable Al:Ca was less than 1.0. Soil acidity did not affect leaf composition, except that Ca content decreased with increasing acidity and correlated well with yields, ranging from about 0.5% with lowest yields to more than 1% with the highest yields. Number of nodules per plant was not affected by acidity factors, except at the highest level of acidity, at which no nodules were found.

scholarly journals Alleviating aluminum toxicity in an acid sulfate soil from Peninsular Malaysia by calcium silicate application

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Elisa ◽  
S. Ninomiya ◽  
J. Shamshuddin ◽  
I. Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

Abstract. In response to human population increase, the utilization of acid sulfate soils for rice cultivation is one option for increasing production. The main problems associated with such soils are their low pH values and their associated high content of exchangeable Al, which could be detrimental to crop growth. The application of soil amendments is one approach for mitigating this problem, and calcium silicate is an alternative soil amendment that could be used. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to ameliorate soil acidity in rice-cropped soil. The secondary objective was to study the effects of calcium silicate amendment on soil acidity, exchangeable Al, exchangeable Ca, and Si content. The soil was treated with 0, 1, 2, and 3 Mg ha−1 of calcium silicate under submerged conditions and the soil treatments were sampled every 30 days throughout an incubation period of 120 days. Application of calcium silicate induced a positive effect on soil pH and exchangeable Al; soil pH increased from 2.9 (initial) to 3.5, while exchangeable Al was reduced from 4.26 (initial) to 0.82 cmolc kg−1. Furthermore, the exchangeable Ca and Si contents increased from 1.68 (initial) to 4.94 cmolc kg−1 and from 21.21 (initial) to 81.71 mg kg−1, respectively. Therefore, it was noted that calcium silicate was effective at alleviating Al toxicity in acid sulfate, rice-cropped soil, yielding values below the critical level of 2 cmolc kg−1. In addition, application of calcium silicate showed an ameliorative effect as it increased soil pH and supplied substantial amounts of Ca and Si.

scholarly journals Response of Green Beans to Acidity Factors in Six Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler ◽  
Jacinto Figarella ◽  
Servando Silva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Intensively Managed

The effect of soil acidity factors on yields and foliar composition of intensively managed green beans was determined in Ultisols and an Oxisol typical of the Humid Tropics. Beans responded very strongly to liming on all six soils. Calcium content of the bean leaves increased and manganese content decreased with increasing lime rates and with yields. Bean yields increased with increasing soil pH to about 5.2 at which level these soils contained essentially no exchangeable aluminum. Bean yields increased with increasing exchangeable soil base content to about 70-percent saturation based on cation exchange capacities as determined with ammonium acetate at pH 7. Bean yields increased with decreasing exchangeable soil aluminum to essentially 0. Soil pH and exchangeable base and aluminum contents were effective criteria for liming these soils.

scholarly journals A survey of the pH status and related fertility factors of sugarcane fields of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Vélez-Ramos ◽  
Miguel A. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Production Areas

A field survey was initiated in the main sugarcane production areas of Puerto Rico to determine the pH status of sugarcane soils and those specific soil factors that influence growth and development, such as exchangeable cations, percentage base saturation (% BS) and lime requirement. Soil samples from Coloso, Plata, Arecibo, Humacao, Yabucoa and Eureka areas were analyzed for pH, available P, Fe and Mn; exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and Al; percentage base saturation and lime requirements. Soil pH ranged from as low as 3.2 to a high of 8.1. Sixty-eight percent of the soil samples analyzed showed pH values below 5.5. The lowest soil pH values were observed in the Eureka area and the highest in Arecibo, whereas in the Coloso, Plata, Humacao and Yabucoa areas pH values were intermediate with readings between 4 and 5 as an average. Eighty percent of the soil samples from Plata, 40.0% of those from Eureka and 40.5% of those from Coloso had pH values below 4.5. All soil samples collected in Humacao and Yabucoa (except one) showed pH values below 5.5. No definite trend was observed when sugarcane yield per acre and soil pH for the Yabucoa-Humacao area were compared. In general, P and K were low in all regions sampled, whereas Ca and Mg values were higher in the Coloso than in the Yabucoa-Humacao regions. Soils from the Coloso region showed higher levels of exchangeable Al and higher percentages of Al saturation than soils from the Yabucoa-Humacao region. This fact, together with a lower % BS should aggravate acidity problems in the Coloso region. Percentage base saturation was good at the higher pH readings.

scholarly journals Effect of Depth of Lime Application on Yield and Foliar Composition of Soybeans Grown on a Typical Ultisol of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez-Escolar ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
T. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Line Equation ◽  
Lime Application

The effects of lime applied at 20, 40, and 60 cm depths, and calcium nitrate applied in the top 20 cm, in terms of yield of two soybean crops, Jupiter variety, and on the factors of soil acidity in Humatas clay (a typical upland Ultisol of Puerto Rico) were determined. Highly significant and significant correlations between soybean yield and factors of soil acidity of the topmost 60 cm of the soil profile were measured in the first and second crops, respectively. A straight line equation best described the results. As long as 33 months following the lime application in treatments bearing lime in the top 20 cm layer, increases of soil pH and bases and subsequent decreases in the exchangeable aluminum content of the 20 to 40 cm layer beneath were evident and indicative of lime movement.

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