Structural Analysis and Morphotectonic Interpretation of Ain Sifni Anticline, Northern Iraq

Ain Sifni anticline is located in northern Iraq within High Folded Zone. It contains some tectonic deformations that need to study to determine the source and mechanism of these deformations concerning the geological setting of the study area. This study includes structural and morphotectonic interpretations for the Ain Sifni anticline, such as the visual & digital interpretation of satellite images and the Digital Elevation Model interpretation. These parameters are used to identify the morphogenic criteria and subsequently, to conclude a morphotectonic aspect of the deformations in the Ain Sifni anticline. Because of the regional tectonic evolution in this area, the structural and morphotectonic analysis of this anticline shows much evidence of morphological changes at the southeastern plunge area of the anticline within the Injana and Mukdadiya formations in comparison to the northwestern plunge area of the anticline. In addition, two recent water gaps have been recognized at the southeastern plunge area, one is confirmed and the other is proposed, and then a wind gap has been recognized in the middle of the anticline. A relation has been established between these morphotectonic features with the lateral propagation of the anticline towards the southeast, due to the regional tectonic deformation. A significant main fault has also been detected as a dextral strike-slip fault perpendicular to the fold axis of the anticline. This fault caused a difference in the vergency of the anticline and deformed the outcrops of formations in the study region.

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A computational investigation of the hydrodynamics of the Badush dam in northern Iraq

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201824004009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 240 ◽

pp. 04009

Author(s):

Younis Saida Saeedrashed ◽

Ali Cemal Benim

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Free Surface Flow ◽

Surface Flow ◽

Dam Failure ◽

Northern Iraq ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽

Flow Through ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Bottom Outlets

A computational analysis of the hydrodynamics of the Badush dam in Iraq is presented, which is planned to be reconstructed as a repulse dam, to prevent the Mosul city, in case of a failure of the Mosul dam. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is applied in combination with Geometric Information System (GIS) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In the first part of the study, a hydrologic study of a possible Mosul dam failure is performed, predicting the important parameters for a possible flooding of Mosul city. Here, a two-dimensional, depth-averaged shallow water equations are used to formulate the flow. Based on GIS and DEM, the required reservoir size and the water level of the Badush dam are predicted, for its acting as a repulse dam. Subsequently, a computational model of the reconstructed Badush dam is developed, combining the proposed construction with the local geographic topology to achieve a perfect fit. Finally, the water flow through the bottom outlets and stilling basin of the proposed dam is calculated by an unsteady, three-dimensional CFD analysis of the turbulent, free-surface flow. The CFD model is validated by comparing the predictions with measurements obtained on a physical model, where a quite satisfactory agreement is observed.

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A new method for supporting interpretation of paleochannels in a large scale — Detrended Digital Elevation Model Interpretation

Geomorphology ◽

10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107374 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 369 ◽

pp. 107374

Author(s):

Shuyan Zhang ◽

Yong Ma ◽

Fu Chen ◽

Jianbo Liu ◽

Fulong Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Digital Elevation Model ◽

Large Scale ◽

New Method ◽

Model Interpretation ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model

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Assessment of possible uncertainties arising during the hydromorphological monitoring of a Sand-Bedded Large River

Journal of Environmental Geography ◽

10.1515/jengeo-2017-0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (3-4) ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Tamás Právetz ◽

György Sipos ◽

Zsuzsanna Ladányi

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Time Lag ◽

Large River ◽

Bedload Transport ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Variable Environment ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Adcp Measurements ◽

Elevation Model

Abstract The riverbed morphology of sand-bedded rivers is dynamically changing as a consequence of quasi continuous bedload transport. In the meantime, the dimension, size and dynamics of developing bedforms is highly depending on the regime of the river and sediment availability, both affected by natural and anthropogenic factors. Consequently, the assessment of morphological changes as well as the monitoring of riverbed balance is challenging in such a variable environment. In relation with a general research on the longer term sediment regime of River Maros, a fairly large alluvial river in the Carpathian Basin, the primary aim of the present investigation was to assess uncertainties related to morphological monitoring, i.e. testing the reproducibility of hydromorphological surveys and digital elevation model generation by performing repeated measurements among low water conditions on selected representative sites. Surveys were conducted with the combination of an ADCP sonar, GPS and total station. The most appropriate way of digital elevation modelling (DEM) was tested and 30-point Kriging was identified to be optimal for comparative analysis. Based on the results, several uncertainties may affect the reproducibility of measurements and the volumetric deviation of DEM pairs generated. The mean horizontal difference of survey tracks was 3-4 m in case of each site, however this could not explain all the DEM deviation. Significant riverbed change between measurements could also be excluded as the main factor. Finally, it was found that results might be affected greatly by systematic errors arising during motor boat ADCP measurements. Nevertheless, the observed, normalised and aggregated DEM uncertainty (600-360 m3/rkm) is significantly lower than the changes experienced between surveys with a month or longer time lag. Consequently, the developed measurement strategy is adequate to monitor long term morphological and sediment balance change on sand bedded large river.

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Analysis of morphological changes of the island of Hvar beaches using archive maps, old photographs and UAV (Eastern Adriatic Coast, Croatia)

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marin Mićunović ◽

Sanja Faivre

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Beach Erosion ◽

Surface Model ◽

Sand Beach ◽

Aeolian Deposits ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

The 1950S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Gravel Beach

Beaches are dynamic coastal forms. However, nowadays, natural processes are intertwined with anthropogenic influences. The island of Hvar has 247 beaches from which we selected those which evolution could be studied by means of repeat photography method using archive maps and old photographs. More than 150 old photographs dating between the 1900s and 1980s have been collected and analyzed. The recent period is studied using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).In total 12 beaches have been selected for precise study. The benchmarks from old photographs were marked and geolocated during the fieldwork using GNSS Trimble receiver. In November 2020, all locations were recorded by quadcopter DJI Phantom 4 Pro v2.0 with approximately 80% overlapping. On each beach, 6 - 12 ground control points (GCP), mostly benchmarks from the old photographs, were marked and measured. Data collected from UAV has been generated by photogrammetric techniques in ESRI Drone2Map software. Orthophoto and digital surface model (DSM) has been processed with a spatial resolution of 0,02 m and 0,1 m for the digital elevation model (DEM). All analyses were made using the ArcGIS Pro software. In this work, the analysis will be presented on two sites: Mina sand beach, formed in Aeolian deposits, on the northern side of the island and Mola Milna gravel beach, found on the southern side. Beaches have been studied in three points in time, in the 19th, 20th and 21st century.On the Franciscan Cadastre (1834), Mina beach was mapped as an individual cadastral parcel with an area of 222 Klafter Quadrimeter (written in the Cadastral supplement), that is 799 m2. Recalculating in GIS we obtained a similar value, that is, 782 m2. The beach area from the beginning of the 20th century was reconstructed from old photographs and was approximated to 450 m2. Consequently, since 1834 the beach area reduced by ~43%. In 2020, the area further drops to 226 m2, so its surface diminishes by 55% since the beginning of the 20th century or even 72% from 1834.In 1834 the Mola Milna beach was ~1073 m2, ~900 m2 in the 1950s (16% smaller) and finally 802 m2 in 2020 (11% less than in the 1950s, or 27% smaller compared to 1834).Thus, we observed that during the last two centuries the sand beach Mina reduced for more than 2/3 of its size since 1834, while the gravel beach Mola Milna reduced for around 1/3. Similar results have been observed previously on the Zogon gravel beach which lost &#189; of its size since the 1960s. Even if the reconstructions of the beach area from the Cadaster maps and old photographs are less accurate than the model generated from UAV photos, obtained values clearly reveal the trend of beach erosion during the studied period.This research was made with the support of the Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ-IP-2019-04-9445).

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Analysis of the Suitability of High-Resolution DEM Obtained Using ALS and UAS (SfM) for the Identification of Changes and Monitoring the Development of Selected Geohazards in the Alpine Environment—A Case Study in High Tatras, Slovakia

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12233901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3901

Author(s):

Ľudovít Kovanič ◽

Peter Blistan ◽

Rudolf Urban ◽

Martin Štroner ◽

Monika Blišťanová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Current Trend ◽

Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽

Alpine Environment ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Aerial Systems

The current trend in the use of remote sensing technologies is their use as a tool for monitoring hard-to-reach areas, objects or phenomena in the alpine environment. Remote sensing technology is also effectively used to monitor geohazards and the development of human-made changes in the country. Research presented in this study demonstrates the results for the usability of the publicly available national digital elevation model DEM 5.0 obtained by utilizing the airborne laser scanning (ALS) survey to monitor the development of erosion, morphological changes of talus cones, or the dynamics of movement of rock blocks between stages of measurement in the alpine environment of the High Tatras mountains. The reference methods for this study are the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetric approach using unmanned aerial systems (UASs). By comparing the created DEMs, the ALS point cloud’s accuracy on mostly rocky areas of different sizes was verified. The results show that the standard deviation of the ALS point cloud ranges from 19 to 46 mm depending on the area’s size and characteristics. The maximum difference ranges from 100 to 741 mm. The value of systematic displacement of data obtained by different technologies ranges from 1 to 29 mm. This research confirms the suitability of the ALS method with its advantages and limits for the detection of movement of rock blocks or change of position of any natural or anthropogenic objects with a size from approximately 1 m2.

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Testing Different Interpolation Methods Based on Single Beam Echosounder River Surveying. Case Study: Siret River

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi8110507 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 507 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Arseni ◽

Voiculescu ◽

Georgescu ◽

Iticescu ◽

Rosu

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Interpolation Method ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Entire Area ◽

Single Beam ◽

Interpolation Methods ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Elevation Model

Bathymetric measurements play an important role in assessing the sedimentation rate, deposition of pollutants, erosion rate, or monitoring of morphological changes in a river, lake, or accumulation basin. In order to create a coherent and continuous digital elevation model (DEM) of a river bed, various data interpolation methods are used, especially when single-beam bathymetric measurements do not cover the entire area and when there are areas which are not measured. Interpolation methods are based on numerical models applied to natural landscapes (e.g., meandering river) by taking into account various morphometric and morphologies and a wide range of scales. Obviously, each interpolation method, used in standard or customised form, yields different results. This study aims at testing four interpolation methods in order to determine the most appropriate method which will give an accurate description of the riverbed, based on single-beam bathymetric measurements. The four interpolation methods selected in the present research are: inverse distance weighting (IDW), radial basis function (RBF) with completely regularized spline (CRS) which uses deterministic interpolation, simple kriging (KRG) which is a geo-statistical method, and Topo to Raster (TopoR), a particular method specifically designed for creating continuous surfaces from various elevation points, contour, or polygon data, suitable for creating surfaces for hydrologic analysis. Digital elevation models (DEM’s) were statistically analyzed and precision and errors were evaluated. The single-beam bathymetric measurements were made on the Siret River, between 0 and 35 km. To check and validate the methods, the experiment was repeated for five randomly selected cross-sections in a 1500 m section of the river. The results were then compared with the data extracted from each elevation model generated with each of the four interpolation methods. Our results show that: 1) TopoR is the most accurate technique, and 2) the two deterministic methods give large errors in bank areas, for the entire river channel and for the particular cross-sections.

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Lineament mapping for a part of the Central Sulaiman Fold–Thrust Belt (SFTB), Pakistan

Arabian Journal of Geosciences ◽

10.1007/s12517-021-07784-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Abbas Wajid ◽

Muhammad Anees ◽

Shams ul Alam ◽

Jodat Kamran Gorchani ◽

Khurram Shahzad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tectonic Stress ◽

Thrust Belt ◽

Lineament Density ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Local Stresses ◽

Regional Tectonic ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Geometrical Relationship ◽

Very High

AbstractThis study aims to analyze the lineaments using the field data and a remote sensing approach, to describe their relationship with the folds, faults, and regional tectonic stress of the central Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt. Joint data, from nine anticlines, has been collected using the scanline method and classified into three sets (JS1, JS2, and JS3) based on their geometrical relationships. Lineaments extracted from the 30 m digital elevation model have been classified subsequently into three lineament sets (LS1, LS2, and LS3) based on the azimuths from the corresponding joint sets. A very high correlation coefficient (rs = 0.97), between the azimuths of the field joints and the remotely sensed lineaments, has been observed which validates that the lineaments are the regional representation of the local field joints. The geometrical relationship of the lineament sets with the fold hinges indicates that the older LS1 and LS2 are strongly related to the regional folding episode, while the younger LS3 is a result of local shears. The chronological interpretation of the deformational events responsible for the lineament sets is constrained by the presence of the Kingri Fault, which induces a strike-slip component within the study area. Furthermore, the controls on the joint and lineament sets, established using multivariate statistics to decipher the effects of lithological and structural contrasts on the lineament density, reveal that an increase in the lineament density can be attributed to the competence and thickness of the rock units as well as the variable local stresses across the different folds. Based on the orientations of these lineament sets, the cumulative direction of the compressive event in the NW-SE direction (310–320) coincides with the regional stress direction of the SFTB.

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An Emerging Fault Related Fold (Mahad Anticline) and its Morphotectonic Interpretations in Northern Iraq

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2021.62.5.18 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1550-1561

Author(s):

Alaa N. Hamdon ◽

Rabeea Khalaf Znad

Keyword(s):

Digital Processing ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Northern Iraq ◽

The North ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Geological Map ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Digital Elevation Model Data ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Fault Mechanism

In this study, morphotectonic analyses were prepared for an anticline existing to the north of Maqloub Anticline and extends toward north - south approximately, which is unfamiliar in relation to the major extension of the anticlines in the region. The study involves a structural interpretation of the anticline's origin and its relation with the faulting in the foreland zone in this area, specifically in foothill zone, because of the major fracture that is found adjacent and parallel to the axis of this anticline. The visual interpretation is the major tool used to determine the features of this anticline. Moreover, some facilitating remote sensing technologies, such as digital processing of satellite images and Digital Elevation Model data, were utilized to verify the shape of this geological feature. The origin of the fold was discussed through its relationship to the associated fault within the general tectonic framework and the surrounding areas. This study addresses the tectonic mechanism of the anticline as a fold-related fault mechanism. As a result, and through the compilation of the above interpretations, a final geological map was prepared for this anticline, along with a 3D model demonstrating its mechanism of folding. Proposed names were given to the anticline and the fault, which are Mahad Anticline and Mahad Fault , according to the name of their nearest town (Mahad Town).

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Generate Reservoir Depths Mapping by Using Digital Elevation Model: A Case Study of Mosul Dam Lake, Northern Iraq

Advances in Remote Sensing ◽

10.4236/ars.2017.63012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 06 (03) ◽

pp. 161-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammed F. O. Khattab ◽

Rudy K. Abo ◽

Sameh W. Al-Muqdadi ◽

Broder J. Merkel

Keyword(s):

Digital Elevation Model ◽

Northern Iraq ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model

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Assessing UAV survey performance for geomorphological monitoring of mountain rivers

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8526 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bob de Graffenried ◽

Ivan Pascal ◽

Tomas Trewhela ◽

Valentina Martinez ◽

Christophe Ancey

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Control Points ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Bed Elevation ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Data ◽

Alternate Bars ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Alpine Watersheds

Characterising morphological changes in mountain areas is of fundamental importance for science and engineering. Intense floods usually involve massive sediment transport, which may significantly alter basin and river characteristics. Sediment erosion and deposition control the dynamics of morphological structures such as alternate bars and meanders. By using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), it has been possible to obtain high-precision bed elevation data at the sediment scale. Our project aims to develop a consistent and optimised methodology for monitoring morphological changes in an Alpine watershed using an UAV. Since 2017, we have been monitoring the Plat de la L&#233; area drained by the River Navisence (Zinal, canton Valais, Switzerland). In mountainous regions, poor accessibility and light conditions make it difficult to set control points on the ground. We first analysed the relevance and influence of certain ground control points (GCP) on the the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM) obtained from the UAV&#8217;s images. Errors in the GCP localisation were much larger than the DEM resolution. Not only did the GCP number and flight height affect these errors, as expected, but their positions and orientations also played a part. We then carried out an additional monitoring campaign to understand the influence of these parameters on the DEM accuracy. This campaign was ran on two areas: a steep-slope area with irregular topography and a low-slope area that comprises the river channel and its floodplain. We built DEMs for each area considering different GCP numbers (in the 3&#8211;18 range with 14 additional checkpoints) and flight heights (in the 40&#8211;140-m range). The present study provides guidelines, including an optimal combination of parameters that significantly reduce errors in the DEM, and a methodology that can be used for monitoring Alpine watersheds on a regular basis.

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