Relationship of smoking with COVID-19 and its adverse effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Cerebral Inflammation ◽  
Relationship Of

There is a direct relationship between COVID-19 and smoking. This relationship has detrimental consequences for smoking and COVID-19 on body physiology. Smoking causes disc herniation, lungs diseases, heart illness, lipid profile changes, muscle protein synthesis declines, head, neck, and gastric cancers, cerebral inflammation, weight loss and obesity. The smoking habit of pregnant women leads to miscarriage, poor foetal growth, and low lipid and protein levels in breast milk. In males, it also reduces semen ejaculation and seminal vesicle volume. The treatment is based on quitting the smoking. Preventive measures such as a healthy diet and regular exercise can help to mitigate the negative consequences of smoking. In addition, smoking has been recognised as a major factor in COVID-19 transmission. Tobacco smokers are at increased risk of serious COVID-19 infection due to poor lung function, cross-infection, and vulnerable hygiene behaviors. People who have smoked in the past are thought to be more susceptible than non-smokers to have more severe COVID-19 illness symptoms. COVID-19 is more common among smokers than nonsmokers. Current smokers are five times more likely to have influenza infection than non-smokers. Smoking has been identified as one of the risk factors linked to infection and death.

Nutritional Recommendations for Water Polo

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Cox ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Cees-Rein van den Hoogenband
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Dietary Counseling ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Dietary Adequacy ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Dietary Strategies

Water polo is an aquatic team sport that requires endurance, strength, power, swimming speed, agility, tactical awareness, and specific technical skills, including ball control. Unlike other team sports, few researchers have examined the nutritional habits of water polo athletes or potential dietary strategies that improve performance in water polo match play. Water polo players are typically well muscled, taller athletes; female players display higher levels of adiposity compared with their male counterparts. Positional differences exist: Center players are heavier and have higher body fat levels compared with perimeter players. Knowledge of the physical differences that exist among water polo players offers the advantage of player identification as well as individualizing nutrition strategies to optimize desired physique goals. Individual dietary counseling is warranted to ensure dietary adequacy, and in cases of physique manipulation. Performance in games and during quality workouts is likely to improve by adopting strategies that promote high carbohydrate availability, although research specific to water polo is lacking. A planned approach incorporating strategies to facilitate muscle glycogen refueling and muscle protein synthesis should be implemented following intensified training sessions and matches, particularly when short recovery times are scheduled. Although sweat losses of water polo players are less than what is reported for land-based athletes, specific knowledge allows for appropriate planning of carbohydrate intake strategies for match play and training. Postgame strategies to manage alcohol intake should be developed with input from the senior player group to minimize the negative consequences on recovery and player welfare.

scholarly journals Habitual Exercise Attenuates the Aging Associated Muscle Atrophy and Muscle Strength Decline in SAMP8

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Aoki ◽  
Masaki Konno ◽  
Katsunari Honda ◽  
Takuya Abe ◽  
Takeshi Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Habitual Exercise

Loss of muscle mass and strength are progressing with aging. Exercise is a beneficial method to prevent physical disfunction and habitual exercise improve the muscle quality. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of a long-term habitual exercise on the senescence-accelerated mice prone8 (SAMP8). 27wk SAMP8 were used in this study. Mice were classified into 28 (28w) and 44 weeks old. The 44-week group was divided into the sedentary group (44w) and a group exercising for 16 weeks (44w+Ex). The 44w+Ex performed habitual exercise from 28 to 44 weeks. Additionally, grip strength tests were performed with mice aged 28 and 44 weeks. Mice were dissected and collected muscle samples and measured muscle weight at 44w. Gastrocnemius was decreased in 44w but were unchanged in 44w+Ex. Grip strength in 44w was lower trend, but there was no change in 44w+Ex. The phosphorylation levels of Akt and p70S6K as a protein synthesis marker were decreased in 44w. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV(COXIV) mRNA and protein levels decreased in 44w. These results suggested that long-term habitual exercise attenuated muscle mass and strength decline through improving muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial function. In conclusion, long-term habitual exercise attenuated muscle mass and strength decline.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1452-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah J. Drummond ◽  
Hans C. Dreyer ◽  
Bart Pennings ◽  
Christopher S. Fry ◽  
Shaheen Dhanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Eif2α Phosphorylation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Old Men

Skeletal muscle loss during aging leads to an increased risk of falls, fractures, and eventually loss of independence. Resistance exercise is a useful intervention to prevent sarcopenia; however, the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to resistance exercise is less in elderly compared with young subjects. On the other hand, essential amino acids (EAA) increase MPS equally in both young and old subjects when sufficient EAA is ingested. We hypothesized that EAA ingestion following a bout of resistance exercise would stimulate anabolic signaling and MPS similarly between young and old men. Each subject ingested 20 g of EAA 1 h following leg resistance exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1, 3, and 6 h after exercise to measure the rate of MPS and signaling pathways that regulate translation initiation. MPS increased early in young (1–3 h postexercise) and later in old (3–6 h postexercise). At 1 h postexercise, ERK1/2 MNK1 phosphorylation increased and eIF2α phosphorylation decreased only in the young. mTOR signaling (mTOR, S6K1, 4E-BP1, eEF2) was similar between groups at all time points, but MNK1 phosphorylation was lower at 3 h and AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) phosphorylation was higher in old 1–3 h postexercise. We conclude that the acute MPS response after resistance exercise and EAA ingestion is similar between young and old men; however, the response is delayed with aging. Unresponsive ERK1/2 signaling and AMPK activation in old muscle may be playing a role in the delayed activation of MPS. Notwithstanding, the combination of resistance exercise and EAA ingestion should be a useful strategy to combat sarcopenia.

POSSIBLE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN PREVENTION OF SARCOPENIA AND FALLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1184-1190
Author(s):  
Darius Alexander Schneider ◽  
Dace Liliana Trence
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Injurious Falls ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Objective: In this review, we analyze the foundation of sarcopenia as a potentially modifiable risk factor for falls, and we try to formulate practical strategies for nutritional interventions aimed at reducing the risk for sarcopenia and falls in our elderly patients. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results: Falls are a common and costly source of injury and death in elderly adults. A large proportion of injurious falls are due to a trip or slip, suggesting that muscular factors are major determinants of both fall risk and the risk for fall-related injury. Conclusion: An increasing body of evidence links sarcopenia, the loss of muscle strength and mass that occurs with advancing age, with an increased risk for falls. Nutritional factors, as well as exercise, can help with both prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and may reduce the risk of falls in the elderly. Abbreviations: 25-OHD = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; EAA = essential amino acid; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1; IU = international units; MPS = muscle protein synthesis; PUFA = polyunsaturated fatty acid

Effects of Resistance Training on the Rate of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Frail Elderly People

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (s1) ◽  
pp. S111-S118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill N. Schulte ◽  
Kevin E. Yarasheski
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Protein ◽  
Isotope Tracer ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Frail Elderly People

Advancing age is associated with a reduction in skeletal muscle protein, muscle strength, muscle quality, and chemical modifications that may impair protein function. Sarcopenia has been coupled with physical disability, frailty, and a loss of independent function (5, 19). Using stable isotope tracer methodologies and mass spectrometric detection, we observed: (a) 76–92-year-old physically frail and 62–74-year-old middle-age adults have lower mixed muscle protein synthetic rates than 20–32-year-old men and women; (b) 2 weeks and 3 months of weightlifting exercise increased the synthetic rate of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and mixed muscle proteins to a similar magnitude in frail, middle-age, and young women and men; (c) Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein levels were elevated in physically frail women and were inversely correlated with lean mass. This suggests that the protein synthetic machinery adapts rapidly to increased contractile activity and that the adaptive response(s) are maintained even in frail elders.

Relationship of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I to Muscle Protein Synthesis in Fasted Chicks.

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi KITA ◽  
Takako SHIBATA ◽  
M.AMAN YAMAN ◽  
Michael A. CONLON ◽  
Takeshi SASAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Growth Factor I ◽  
Relationship Of

Vitamin B6 Deficiency can Reduce Fuel Storage and Utilization in Physically Trained Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choi ◽  
Cho
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fuel Storage ◽  
Exercise Muscle

This study investigated the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization and recuperation of stored fuel in physically trained rats. 48 rats were given either vitamin B6-deficient (B6–) diet or control (B6+) diet for 4 weeks and were trained on treadmill for 30 minutes daily. All animals were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. Glucose and free fatty acids were compared in plasma. Glycogen and triglyceride were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. Protein levels were compared in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle. Compared with the B6+ group, plasma glucose levels of the B6– group were significantly lower before and after exercise. Muscle glycogen levels of the B6– group were significantly lower than those of the B6+ group regardless of exercise. The liver glycogen level of the B6– group was also significantly lower than that of B6+ group during and after exercise. Before exercise, plasma free fatty acid levels were not significantly different between the B6+ and B6– groups, and plasma free fatty acid levels of the B6– group were significantly lower during and after exercise. The muscle triglyceride level of the B6– group was significantly lower than that of the B6+ group before exercise, and there were no differences between B6+ and B6– groups during and after exercise. Liver triglyceride levels were not significantly different between B6+ and B6– groups. Plasma protein levels of the B6– group were lower than those of B6+ before and after exercise. Muscle protein levels of the B6– group were not significantly different from those of the B6+ group. Liver protein levels of the B6– group were significantly lower than that of the B6+ group after exercise. Liver protein levels of both B6+ and B6– groups were not significantly changed, regardless of exercise. Thus, it is suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency may reduce fuel storage and utilization with exercise in physically trained rats.

FORMALIZED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM RISK MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sergeevna Kozunova ◽  
Alla Grigorievna Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Management Procedure ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Formalized Description ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development

The article highlights the aspects of risk management in the information system. According to the analysis of the work of Russian and foreign scientists and world practices in the field of risk management, it is stated that there is a need to improve the effectiveness of risk management of information system and to develop a method for managing the risks of the information system. As a solution to the problem of effective risk management of the information system, there has been proposed a formalized procedure for managing the risks of the information system. The scientific novelty of this solution is the use of decision space and optimization space to reduce risks. This procedure allows to assess the damage, risk and effectiveness of risk management of the information system. The risks of the information system are determined and analyzed; a pyramidal risk diagram is developed. This diagram allows you to describe the relationship of risks with the components of the information system. The negative consequences to which these risks can lead are given. The analysis of methods and approaches to risk management has been carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the methods GRAMM, CORAS, GOST R ISO / IEC scored to the maximum. The weak points of these methods and the difficulty of applying these methods in practice are described. The developed formalized risk management procedure to control the risks of information system can be used as management system’s element of the information security quality that complies with the recommendations of GOST R ISO / IEC 27003-2012. The prospect of further development of the research results is the development of management systems of risk of information system.

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