Remarkable Properties of Isotope Effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Plekhanov V.G ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Interaction Constant ◽  
Photoluminescence Spectra ◽  
Hydrogen Nucleus ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Massless Fermions

Present paper is devoted to the non - accelerator manifestation of the strong nuclear interaction - the heart of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which is part of the Standard Model (SM). The observation of isotopic shift (0.103 eV) of the zero - phonon emission line in photoluminescence spectra of LiD crystals (possessing a strict interaction in the deuterium nucleus) comparison with LiH (in the hydrogen nucleus of which there is no strong interaction) is a first direct proof of the strong nuclear long - range character. The non - accelerating measurement of the strong interaction constant from the distance between nucleons made it possible to find the maximum possible value of αs = 2.4680. The isotopic acquisition of mass by massless fermions is briefly discussed

scholarly journals Non - Accelerator Observation of the Long - Range Strong Nuclear Interaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
V G Plekhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Observation ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Temperature Spectra ◽  
Oppenheimer Approximation ◽  
Lepton Interaction ◽  
Deuterium Nucleus ◽  
Range Force

The non - accelerator observation of the long - range strong nuclear interaction is presented. We have studied the low - temperature spectra (reflection and luminescence) of the LiH (without strong interaction in hydrogen nucleus) and LiD (with strong interaction in deuterium nucleus) crystals which are different by term of one neutron from each other. The experimental observation of isotopic shift (103 meV) of the phononless free excitons emission line in LiD crystals is a direct manifestation of the long - range strong nuclear interaction. Such conclusion is made to the fact that the gravitation, electromagnetic and weak interactions are the same in both kind crystals, it only emerges the strong interaction in deuterium nucleus. As far as Born - Oppenheimer approximation does not work in isotope effect, we tentative connect our experimental observation with long - range hadron - lepton interaction. Most important study of the LiHx D1-x mixed crystals is the first measurement of the long - range force dependence of strong nuclear interaction on the distance between nucleons in deuterium nucleus

scholarly journals Empirical Consequences of Emergent Mass

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig D. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Effective Charge ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Electromagnetic Form Factors ◽  
Parton Distributions ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
High Level

The Lagrangian that defines quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the strong interaction piece of the Standard Model, appears very simple. Nevertheless, it is responsible for an astonishing array of high-level phenomena with enormous apparent complexity, e.g., the existence, number and structure of atomic nuclei. The source of all these things can be traced to emergent mass, which might itself be QCD’s self-stabilising mechanism. A background to this perspective is provided, presenting, inter alia, a discussion of the gluon mass and QCD’s process-independent effective charge and highlighting an array of observable expressions of emergent mass, ranging from its manifestations in pion parton distributions to those in nucleon electromagnetic form factors.

scholarly journals WHAT IS A MATTER PARTICLE?

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
TSAN UNG CHAN
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Neutral Particle ◽  
Z Bosons ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Stability

Positive baryon numbers (A>0) and positive lepton numbers (L>0) characterize matter particles while negative baryon numbers and negative lepton numbers characterize antimatter particles. Matter particles and antimatter particles belong to two distinct classes of particles. Matter neutral particles are particles characterized by both zero baryon number and zero lepton number. This third class of particles includes mesons formed by a quark and an antiquark pair (a pair of matter particle and antimatter particle) and bosons which are messengers of known interactions (photons for electromagnetism, W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, gluons for the strong interaction). The antiparticle of a matter particle belongs to the class of antimatter particles, the antiparticle of an antimatter particle belongs to the class of matter particles. The antiparticle of a matter neutral particle belongs to the same class of matter neutral particles. A truly neutral particle is a particle identical with its antiparticle; it belongs necessarily to the class of matter neutral particles. All known interactions of the Standard Model conserve baryon number and lepton number; matter cannot be created or destroyed via a reaction governed by these interactions. Conservation of baryon and lepton number parallels conservation of atoms in chemistry; the number of atoms of a particular species in the reactants must equal the number of those atoms in the products. These laws of conservation valid for interaction involving matter particles are indeed valid for any particles (matter particles characterized by positive numbers, antimatter particles characterized by negative numbers, and matter neutral particles characterized by zero). Interactions within the framework of the Standard Model which conserve both matter and charge at the microscopic level cannot explain the observed asymmetry of our Universe. The strong interaction was introduced to explain the stability of nuclei: there must exist a powerful force to compensate the electromagnetic force which tends to cause protons to fly apart. The weak interaction with laws of conservation different from electromagnetism and the strong interaction was postulated to explain beta decay. Our observed material and neutral universe would signify the existence of another interaction that did conserve charge but did not conserve matter.

scholarly journals Particle Acceleration by Supernova Shocks and Spallogenic Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Tatischeff ◽  
Stefano Gabici
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Halo Stars ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Low Metallicity ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Ray

In this review, we first reassess the supernova remnant paradigm for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays in the light of recent cosmic-ray data acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. We then describe the theory of light-element nucleosynthesis by nuclear interaction of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium and outline the problem of explaining the measured beryllium abundances in old halo stars of low metallicity with the standard model of the Galactic cosmic-ray origin. We then discuss the various cosmic-ray models proposed in the literature to account for the measured evolution of the light elements in the Milky Way, and point out the difficulties that they all encounter. It seems to us that, among all possibilities, the superbubble model provides the most satisfactory explanation for these observations.

scholarly journals The Standard Model vs. Physical Facts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
E. Comay
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Electroweak Theory ◽  
Relevant Theory ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Physics Literature ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Physical Principles

Dynamical sectors of the Standard Model of particle physics are critically analyzed. It is proved thatquantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics, and the electroweak theory are inconsistentwith fundamental physical principles. More than two examples apply to each of these theories, andany of these examples substantiate the unacceptable status of the relevant theory. Unfortunately,the mainstream particle physics literature ignores this situation and glorifies the Standard Modelas an excellent scientific theory.

scholarly journals PERSISTENT CHALLENGES OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (28n29) ◽  
pp. 5695-5719 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SHIFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Weak Coupling ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Question Mark ◽  
Color Confinement ◽  
Regge Behavior ◽  
Holographic Description ◽  
Interaction Phenomena

Unlike some models whose relevance to Nature is still a big question mark, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) will stay with us forever. QCD, born in 1973, is a very rich theory supposed to describe the widest range of strong interaction phenomena: from nuclear physics to Regge behavior at large E, from color confinement to quark–gluon matter at high densities/temperatures (neutron stars); the vast horizons of the hadronic world: chiral dynamics, glueballs, exotics, light and heavy quarkonia and mixtures thereof, exclusive and inclusive phenomena, interplay between strong forces and weak interactions, etc. Efforts aimed at solving the underlying theory, QCD, continue. In a remarkable entanglement, theoretical constructions of the 1970's and 1990's combine with today's ideas based on holographic description and strong–weak coupling duality, to provide new insights and a deeper understanding.

Lattice QCD Results and Prospects

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Richard Kenway
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Lattice Qcd ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Beyond The Standard Model ◽  
Quark Masses ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Quark Flavour ◽  
Computationally Intensive

In the Standard Model, quarks and gluons are permanently confined by the strong interaction into hadronic bound states. The values of the quark masses and the strengths of the decays of one quark flavour into another cannot be measured directly, but must be deduced from experiments on hadrons. This requires calculations of the strong-interaction effects within the bound states, which are only possible using numerical simulations of lattice QCD. These are computationally intensive and, for the past twenty years, have exploited leading-edge computing technology. In conjunction with experimental data from B Factories, over the next few years, lattice QCD may provide clues to physics beyond the Standard Model. These lectures provide a non-technical introduction to lattice QCD, some of the recent results, QCD computers, and the future prospects.

scholarly journals QCD THEORY

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5234-5243
Author(s):  
W. J. STIRLING
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Status Report ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Standard Model

Quantum Chromodynamics is an established part of the Standard Model and an essential part of the toolkit for searching for new physics at high-energy colliders. I present a status report on the theory of QCD and review some of the important developments in the past year.

Two-dimensional quantum chromodynamics with massless fermions

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1625-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sorensen ◽  
G. H. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Massless Fermions

scholarly journals QCD on the Lattice

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-262
Author(s):  
Hartmut Wittig
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Field Theory ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Lattice Qcd ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Lattice Approach ◽  
Established Technique

AbstractSince Wilson’s seminal papers of the mid-1970s, the lattice approach to Quantum Chromodynamics has become increasingly important for the study of the strong interaction at low energies, and has now turned into a mature and established technique. In spite of the fact that the lattice formulation of Quantum Field Theory has been applied to virtually all fundamental interactions, it is appropriate to discuss this topic in a chapter devoted to QCD, since by far the largest part of activity is focused on the strong interaction. Lattice QCD is, in fact, the only known method which allows ab initio investigations of hadronic properties, starting from the QCD Lagrangian formulated in terms of quarks and gluons.

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