scholarly journals A horse warrior’s armament based on studies of the Przeworsk culture cemeteries from the Roman Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Emilia Smółka-Antkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Przeworsk Culture

The known burials of the deceased equipped with spurs from the heavily militarised Przeworsk culture are interpreted as burials of horse warriors. This theory is partially contradicted by the fact that there are no weapons in the inventory of some of them and the frequently performed anthropological analyses often prove that they are burials of women or children. Nonetheless, most graves with spurs contain more or less complex sets of weapons, which allows us to assume that they are indeed burials of deceased warriors. The subject of this article is the variety of weapon sets in graves containing spurs. The author inquires how the equipment of a horse warrior differs from that of a foot soldier, and how diverse is the armament within the layer of the horse warriors. The research was carried out taking into account several variables, such as time, the size and the number of “riders’ burials” discovered in the cemetery and space, which is understood here as the distinctiveness of each community depending on the site investigated.

„Luźne” znaleziska żelaznych grotów oszczepów kultury przeworskiej z Wyżyny Sandomierskiej i jej obrzeża

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Marek Florek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metal Detectors ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
The One

The subject of the research are 5 spearheads from the villages: Leszczków, Rytwiany, Szczeka and Lubienia, in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The artefacts, apart from the one from Szczeka, were found by accident, probably in the course of illegal searches with the use of metal detectors. The spearheads should be dated to the younger Pre-Roman period and the Roman period. They probably come from the destroyed cremation graves from the unknown so far cemeteries of the Przeworsk culture.

Żelazna Nowa, stanowisko 2. Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z Zapilcza na południowym Mazowszu

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Cieślak-Kopyt ◽  
Dorota Pogodzińska
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Metal Detectors ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
Small Finds

The subject of the monograph, published as the 10th volume of the Saved Archaeological Heritage series, are the results of rescue excavations on a cemetery from the period of Roman influence on the Vistula River near Magnuszew in southern Mazovia (Poland), carried out several years ago at the initiative of the Museum in Radom. This necropolis, like many similar ones throughout the country, was systematically destroyed as a result of agricultural activities, and in recent years also through illegal prospection with the use of metal detectors. Archaeologists, with the cooperation of numerous volunteers, managed to protect against further destruction about 60 graves (urned and urnless) from the period between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century CE. These are an evidence of the settlement of the region by people whose material traces are referred to in the archaeological nomenclature as the Przeworsk culture (associated mainly with the Germanic tribes). The cinerary graves were equipped with ceramics, metal parts of clothing, tools, less often weapons, glass beads, imported vessels or dice. Among the forms of graves, the so-called groove object stands out: a kind of rectangular grave feature tied with survival to the beginnings of our era of Celtic traditions, arriving here from northern Małopolska. In addition to the standard catalogue with the description of graves, pottery and small finds, and very detailed illustration plates, the monograph includes an analysis of material culture and forms of burial, photographs of selected finds and very extensive specialist reports. The latter include both osteological materials (anatomo-anthropological analysis, analysis of animal bones placed in the graves), as well as other ecofacts and individual categories of furnishings (glass, faience, iron and bronze objects). The whole is complemented by clear plans with the location of graves and artifacts in the necropolises, as well as with the results of non-invasive research going far beyond the excavated area and of key importance for further in situ protection of this extremely valuable monument.

Mela's Phoenician Geography

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 70-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Batty
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Technical Writing ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
History Of Cartography ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Ancient Geography

The appearance in 1998 of F. E. Romer's English translation of Pomponius Mela's De Chorographia has helped to raise further the profile of this previously rather obscure author. Indeed, since the publication a decade previously of the Budé edition by Alain Silberman, interest in Mela seems to have grown quite steadily. Important contributions in German by Kai Brodersen have widened our appreciation of Mela's place within ancient geography as a whole, and his role within the history of cartography has been the subject of a number of shorter pieces.One element common to all these works, however, is a continuing tendency to disparage both Mela himself and the work he created. This is typified by Romer, for whom Mela was ‘a minor writer, a popularizer, not a first-class geographer’; one ‘shocking reason’ for his choice of genre was simply poor preparation, ‘insufficient for technical writing in geography’. Similar judgements appear in the works of Brodersen and Silberman. Mela's inaccuracies are, for these critics, typical of the wider decline of geography in the Roman period. Perhaps such negative views sprang initially from a sense of frustration: it was counted as one of our author's chief defects that he failed to list many sources for his work. For scholars interested in Quellenforschung it makes poor reading. Yet, quite clearly, the De Chorographia has also been damned by comparison. Mela's work has been held against the best Graeco-Roman learning on geography during antiquity—against Strabo, Ptolemy, or Pliny—and it has usually been found wanting. Set against the achievements of his peers, his work does not stand close scrutiny. Thus, for most scholars, the text has been read as a failed exercise in technical geography, or a markedly inferior document in the wider Graeco-Roman geographical tradition.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-128
Author(s):  
Ersin Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Near East ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
Roman Provinces ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cultural Networks ◽  
Written Sources

The Conclusion revisits the questions that lie at the heart of studies of the Roman provinces and that have driven this study. What is the best way to tell the story of a landscape, and its peoples, that have been the subject of successive conquests throughout history and when the few written sources have been composed by outsiders? What approach should be taken to draw out information from a landscape’s material culture to bring the voices and experiences of those who inhabited its space to the fore? Is it ever possible to ensure that certain evidence types and perspectives are not privileged over others to draw balanced conclusions? The main findings of this work are that the Cypriots were not passive participants in the Roman Empire. They were in fact active and dynamic in negotiating their individual and collective identities. The legacies of deep-rooted connections between mainland Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Near East were maintained into the Roman period and acknowledged by both locals and outsiders. More importantly, the identity of the island was fluid and situational, its people able to distinguish themselves but also demonstrate that the island was part of multiple cultural networks. Cyprus was not a mere imitator of the influences that passed through it, but distinct. The existence of plural and flexible identities is reflective of its status as an island poised between multiple landscapes

James 1:2-15 and Hellenistic Psychagogy

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Kloppenborg
Keyword(s):  
Debt Relief ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hellenistic Philosophy

AbstractIn elaborating the Jesus tradition (Q 11:9-10; 6:22-23) James expands, compresses and elaborates Q sayings in a way which reveals an array of interests in psychagogy and the care of the soul which we know also to have characterized various strains of Hellenistic philosophy of the early Roman period. The author of James displays a remarkable interest, not in such concrete ends as subsistence, debt relief, and the rewards for withstanding persecution, but rather in the psychic processes that occur between stimulus and decision and in the role that proper cognition plays in constructing the subject as perfect.

Time Framing Early Medieval Stone Building North of the Alps—A Discussion of Recent Challenging Results

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1657-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Hueglin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Sampling Process ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Subject ◽  
City Walls

AbstractEarly Medieval stone building began earlier and was more widespread than previously thought. This conclusion is the result of scientific dating that challenges traditional views of the “petrification” process in architecture north of the Alps after the Roman period. Radiocarbon (14C) dating is not precise enough to answer detailed questions connected to historical contexts, but recently there have been a number of surprising dates: “Roman” city walls have now Early Medieval phases or meter-high, obscure “dark earth” strata were subdivided and dated. Results not in line with clients’ expectations can be the subject of heated debates, or worse, tend to remain unpublished. To the archaeologist, who is trying to connect scientific dates with historical events, usually is not clear, that mortar dating is a methodology still being developed, while dating organic material like charcoal from mortar is a standard procedure. But even the latter has downfalls like the possible “old-wood-effect,” if such complications are not carefully considered and avoided during the sampling process. Drawing on examples from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and France, recent challenging results will be discussed from an archaeologist’s point of view.

scholarly journals Sampling and its effect on the composition of archaeobotanical assemblages from the Roman Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-148
Author(s):  
Jana Apiar ◽  
Peter Apiar
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Heterogeneous Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
The Given ◽  
Spatial Stratification

The subject of the presented study is taken from a dissertation project by one of the authors who focused on the processing of archaeobotanical assemblages from the Roman Period. The main aim of the research was the reconstruction of selected aspects of the subsistence strategy of the population in the given period based on the evaluation of archaeobotanical data from various chronological and cultural contexts in a designated region, available to author. The analysed sets were obtained during field excavations primarily conducted in the last third of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Uniform methods of archaeobotanical sampling were not applied in the acquisition of these assemblages. Source information on the origin of the samples was considerably heterogeneous and, in many cases, distinctly fragmentary. This was the impulse behind the investigation into the question as to whether, and to what extent, the method of sampling affects the interpretive value of the investigated dataset and what are the limitations of the analysis of such a dataset. The principal aim of this study is not the archaeobotanical evaluation of samples, but rather to investigate a possible effect of their formal properties on the composition of archaeobotanical finds. The formal properties studied include the volume and the number of collected samples, and the spatial stratification of samples (context/feature). Intuitively, it would appear that the heterogeneous quality of this information may have a certain impact on the interpretive value of an archaeobotanical assemblage. We discuss the effect of the chosen method of sampling on the composition of macro-remains in archaeobotanical samples and assemblages with the use of statistical models.

scholarly journals Jaringan Saraf Tiruan Untuk Memprediksi Tingkat Pemahaman Sisiwa Terhadap Matapelajaran Dengan Menggunakan Algoritma Backpropagation

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solikhun Solikhun ◽  
M. Safii ◽  
Agus Trisno
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Backpropagation Learning

Prediction of students 'understanding of the subject is important to know the extent to which the students' understanding of the subjects presented by educators when teaching and learning activities and to determine the ability of educators in delivering subjects. Artificial Neural Network to predict the level of students' understanding of subjects using backpropagation learning algorithm uses several variables: Knowledge, skills / abilities, assessment and workload and guidance and counseling. Backpropagation learning algorithm is applied to train eight indicators to predict the level of students' understanding of the subjects. The test results obtained by the student's understanding level prediction accuracy rate of 90% with a 6-5-1 architecture.

scholarly journals Development of a settlement on the northeastern promontory at 'Marea'

2020 ◽  
pp. 529-550
Author(s):  
Tomasz Derda ◽  
Mariusz Gwiazda ◽  
Aleksandra Pawlikowska-Gwiazda
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Production Waste ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rubbish Dump ◽  
The Town

The ancient topography of the settlement on the northeastern promontory at ‘Marea’ (North Hawariya) was the subject of investigations carried out at the site in 2018 within the frame of a broader excavation project. Fieldwork established the date of some structures recognized along an ancient road. The oldest remains turned out to be from the Roman period, when the promontory became a rubbish dump for production waste, mostly sherds of Amphores égyptienne 3 and 4, from the nearby pottery kilns. Two superimposed occupation levels were recognised, the earlier one from the beginning of the 3rd century AD or later, the later one from the 5th–6th century. The buildings followed a regular grid that fits into the overall plan of the town. The research has resulted in a better understanding of the changes occurring in this part of ‘Marea’.

scholarly journals Uzbrojenie znad dolnej Odry w okresie rzymskim na przykładach cmentarzysk w Czelinie (dawn. Zellin), Starych Łysogórkach (dawn. Alt Lietzegöricke) i Żelisławcu (dawn. Sinzlow), pow. gryfiński

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-245
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Rogalski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Elbe River ◽  
Typical Situation ◽  
River Region ◽  
Przeworsk Culture ◽  
Oder River ◽  
The Elbe River ◽  
Burial Grounds

Armaments from the Lower Oder Basin in the Roman Period on the Basis of Burial Grounds at Czelin (ex-Zellin), Stare Łysogórki (ex-Alt Lietzegöricke), and Żelisławiec (ex-Sinzlow), distr. GryfinoInvestigations of the burial ground at Czelin, Gryfino district, site 23 (AZP 45-04/5) yielded 191 features dated from phase A3 of the Late Pre-Roman Period to subphase C1b of the Roman Period. Cremation burials are in the majority. Only one inhumation grave was discovered. The collection of the recovered weapons includes nine swords (five single-edged, i.a. types Biborski B/1, D/1, and D/2), four double-edged (i.a. types Vimose-Illerup, Lachmirowice-Apa, and agladius), 29 heads of shafted weapons (i.a. groups Kaczanowski I, II, III, VIII, X, XVII), 19 shield-bosses (Jahn 5, Jahn 6, Jahn 7, and Jahn 8), 14 shield grips (Jahn 6, Jahn 7, and Jahn 9), four spurs, and two arrowheads. The most interesting weapons are the above-mentioned Vimose-Illerup sword, Pompeii gladius, and decorated spearheads. The typological identifications of the weapons refer to the Przeworsk culture ones, and the pottery vessels correspond with atradition from the Elbe River area. Scandinavian influence is also noticeable in the weapons (aHval-type head, an Illerup Ådal-type sword) and tools, such as needle-shaped strike-a-lights. This is typical situation in the lower Oder River region.

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