Phylogenetic and sequencing analysis of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) strains from local Pakistani population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humaira Aziz Sawal ◽  
Saifullah Khan Niazi ◽  
Eijaz Ghani ◽  
Misbah Noor
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Structural Prediction ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The World

Objective: The present study aims to outline the genotype of circulating CHIKV strains in Pakistan and their phylogenetic analysis Methods: The study is being conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology after the approval by Institutional Review Board. The study was conducted during the period of Aug 2016 to Sep 2017. During this period we have got the total 11 suspected Chikungunya samples in our center and out of these 7 were positive. The viral RNA was extracted, amplified and then the purified product was sequenced by using Sanger dideoxy method. Structural Prediction and Analysis was performed by using Phyre2 and then models were visualized in PyMol2.2. Results: In our study total 11 samples were analyzed, in which 7 samples were positive and the amplified product from five samples were later sequenced because these samples were of good quality for sequencing. Phylogenetic tree was constructed. Five sequences generated in our study were aligned with other CHIKV sequences reported from all over the world. Conclusion: The phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains present in Pakistan belong to the ECSA genotype and derived from India and South East Asia. These results help in the better understanding of CHIKV evolution in the world and discovered that how CHIKV originated in Pakistan. Keywords: Chikungunya; glycoprotein E1; glycoprotein E2; Aedes aegypti. Continuous...

Backtalk: Ensuring school safety drills meet ethical standards

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
David P. Perrodin
Keyword(s):  
School Safety ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Human Research ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The World

Schools have adopted a wide variety of procedures for their safety drills, some of them potentially traumatizing without being effective. David P. Perrodin urges school leaders to look to the world of human research for a model of how to ensure their safety drills are helpful and not harmful. An institutional review board made up of educators, emergency managers, parents, students, and other stakeholders could review any proposed safety drill procedures to ensure they are likely to achieve their purpose without inflicting unnecessary trauma.

The Legal Ramifications of Oral History

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Neuenschwander
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The World ◽  
American Law

Oral history has become a research tool in virtually every country in the world. While the vast majority of oral history programs have not and likely never will be confronted with a lawsuit, the implementation of legally and ethically sound procedures are the best ways to insure that this does not happen. All oral historians should make themselves familiar with the legal issues that relate to the practice of oral history, such as legal release agreements, challenges to interview restrictions, defamation, the privacy torts, copyright, the Internet, and institutional review board. The focus of this article is American law, but the issues discussed is relevant to oral historians from other nations and encourage practitioners to consider how their own legal systems address them. The memories that an interviewer records begin as the intellectual property of the interviewee. People own the copyright to their words. The importance of various legal documents pertaining to oral history is presented in detail.

scholarly journals Detection of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural Culex (Culex) chidesteri Dyar, 1921 population, Caatinga Biome, Semiarid Scrubland, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. ec03018
Author(s):  
Josélio M. G. Araújo ◽  
Renato C. M. Freire ◽  
Diego M. P. Costa ◽  
Denise M. C. Sousa ◽  
Daíse M. C. Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Culex Flavivirus ◽  
The World ◽  
Caatinga Biome

The first detection of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) in mosquitoes was described in 2007 in Japan and subsequently in different areas of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. In this study, we report the identification of CxFV in Culex (Culex) chidesteri Dyar, 1921 mosquitoes collected in the Açu National Forest - FLONA/ AÇU-RN, a preserved area of Biome Caatinga, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. We performed nucleotide-sequencing analysis in order to compare with other previously identified CxFV collected from around the world. A total of 129 samples (pools of ≤30 female mosquitoes) were processed for generic reverse transcriptase PCR assay. CxFV infection was identified in only two pools from Culex chidesteri. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AssuCxFV identified in this study belongs to the Africa/Caribbean/South America Subtype. Our study represents the first report of the CxFV from a natural Culex chidesteri population.

scholarly journals In Grenada, West Indies, What Is the Degree of Bat-human Interaction in Households and Is It Associated to Arboviral Disease?

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Macri ◽  
Marilyn Prieto ◽  
Morgan Domangue ◽  
Amanda James ◽  
Taylor Shulse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Bus Stop ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Arbovirus Infection ◽  
Arboviral Disease

Abstract Background: Bats are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, making human-bat interactions particularly concerning. Recent studies documented that Grenadian bats can be infected with Zika, dengue and Chikungunya viruses and Leptospira bacteria among other pathogens. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of homes in Grenada that have a bat infestation, and to determine whether there is a correlation between the number of bat infested homes with the type of roofing or the presence of arbovirus infections of human inhabitants. Methods: An institutional review board (IRB) approved questionnaire delivered through a semi-structured interview was administered at the central bus stop in St. George, Grenada to recruit participants from all six parishes and the island of Carriacou. Results determined the percentage of individuals that had bat roosts in their households, whether this was of concern to them, whether they had taken any steps to keep bats out of their residence, and whether they had confirmed or suspected cases of dengue, Zika or Chikungunya virus infections. Information on the type of roofing and presence of window screens were also documented. Bat type (fruit vs insect eating bats) was attempted by guano description. Results: Results from 210 individual responses provided data showing all six parishes were represented although not equally. Having bats at the household was not associated with parish of residence, roof type or presence or absence of window screens. The results showed 60% of homes in Grenada are bat-infested and 51% of people self-reported recent arbovirus infection; but no correlation between the two. Also, no correlation to a specific type of roof or type of bat was found.Conclusions: A statistically significant number of inhabitants had attempted to remove bats from their homes, indicating that bats are perceived as pest to homes in Grenada, and justifying further research into relocating bats through the use of construction changes, awareness, and the creation of bat houses.

THE ISSUES OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT IN THE WORK OF THE WORLD RUSSIAN PEOPLE'S COUNCIL IN THE 1990-S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. IERUSALIMSKY ◽  
◽  
A.B. RUDAKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Nuclear Disarmament ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Nuclear Component ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the study of such an important aspect of the activities of the World Russian People's Council (until 1995 it was called the World Russian Council) in the 90-s of the 20-th century as a discussion of national security issues and nuclear disarmament. At that time, a number of political and public figures actively called for the nuclear disarmament of Russia. Founded in 1993, the World Russian Council called for the Russian Federation to maintain a reasonable balance between reducing the arms race and fighting for the resumption of detente in international relations, on the one hand, and maintaining a powerful nuclear component of the armed forces of the country, on the other. The resolutions of the World Russian Council and the World Russian People's Council on the problems of the new concepts formation of foreign policy and national security of Russia in the context of NATO's eastward movement are analyzed in the article. It also shows the relationship between the provisions of the WRNS on security and nuclear weapons issues with Chapter VIII of the «Fundamentals of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church».

Italy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Coticchia
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
First Century ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War

Since the end of the bipolar era, Italy has regularly undertaken military interventions around the world, with an average of 8,000 units employed abroad in the twenty-first century. Moreover, Italy is one of the principal contributors to the UN operations. The end of the cold war represented a turning point for Italian defence, allowing for greater military dynamism. Several reforms have been approved, while public opinion changed its view regarding the armed forces. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of the process of transformation that occurred in post-cold-war Italian defence, looking at the evolution of national strategies, military doctrines, and the structure of forces. After a brief literature review, the study highlights the process of transformation of Italian defeshnce policy since 1989. Through primary and secondary sources, the chapter illustrates the main changes that occurred, the never-ending cold-war legacies, and key challenges.

scholarly journals The Impact of NORTH STAR on Suicidality, Substance Problems, Intimate Partner Violence, and Child Abuse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M Smith Slep ◽  
Richard E Heyman ◽  
Michael F Lorber ◽  
David J Linkh
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Institutional Review Board ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction We evaluated the effectiveness of New Orientation for Reducing Threats to Health from Secretive-problems That Affect Readiness (NORTH STAR), a community assessment, planning, and action framework to reduce the prevalence of suicidality, substance problems, intimate partner violence, and child abuse. Materials and Methods One-third of U.S. Air Force bases worldwide were randomly assigned to NORTH STAR (n = 12) or an assessment-and-feedback-only condition (n = 12). Two Air Force-wide, cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based surveys were conducted of randomly selected samples assessing risk/protective factors and outcomes. This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board at the investigators’ university and by the institutional review board at Fort Detrick. Results NORTH STAR, relative to control, bases experienced a 33% absolute risk reduction in hazardous drinking rates and cumulative risk, although, given the small number of bases, these effects were not statistically significant. Conclusions Given its relatively low cost, use of empirically supported light-touch interventions, and emphasis on sustainability with existing resources, NORTH STAR may be a useful system for prevention of a range of adult behavioral health problems that are difficult to impact.

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