scholarly journals Justification of measures to protect against exposure nicotine-containing products in enclosed spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 1377-1384
Author(s):  
Irek Sh. Iakubova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Zaritskaya ◽  
Liliya A. Alikbaeva ◽  
Elena V. Ivanova ◽  
Anna V. Suvorova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Air Exchange

Introduction. The introduction of amendments and additions to the anti-smoking Federal Law No. 15-FZ of 23.02.2013 in 2020 contributed to the cardinal revision of the name of this law and the introduction of a ban on consumption of any nicotine-containing products in public places. There are no separate, specially allocated isolated premises provided for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products by law, even though specially conducted studies have shown significantly different levels of additional inhalation risk arising from air pollution when consuming tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems or heating tobacco. The aim of the study: based on experimental data, to justify the multiplicity of air exchange in unique isolated rooms designed to protect against the effects of ambient tobacco smoke, the consequences of tobacco consumption or nicotine-containing products. Materials and methods. The study was subject to 3 types of nicotine-containing products: tobacco cigarettes (cigarettes), an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) and an electronic tobacco heating system (ETHS). In the course of the study were carried out: a series of experiments on the consumption of nicotine-containing products in various ways in a specially equipped indoor room, air sampling and laboratory studies were performed, the gross and specific emissions of chemicals entering the air environment from one unit of production per hour were calculated, the selection of priority chemicals for calculating the air removed from the room when using nicotine-containing products of each type was carried out, the necessary level of air exchange of premises was calculated, intended for the consumption of tobacco or nicotine. Results. The indoor air quality assessment showed that the main components of the gross intake into the air environment are suspended particles and carbon monoxide when smoking cigarettes. However, taking into account the values of the maximum permissible concentrations, the most significant contribution to the integral indicator is made by acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. Using ENDS, the most significant pollutants were acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide, using ETHS - acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. For all the investigation types of products, the priority substance for calculating the removed air is acetaldehyde, its share in the structure of all detected pollutants was: for cigarettes - 56.27%, for ENDS - 62.7%, for ETHS - 82.51%, in connection with which its specific values can be used to calculate the consumption of the removed air when modelling a specially allocated room intended for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products. Conclusion. The obtained findings demonstrated an obvious, more than 10-fold difference in the requirements for air exchange of premises intended for cigarette smoking and premises intended for the consumption of ENDS or ETHS, at the same intensity of consumption. Therefore, when organizing specially designated places for smoking or the consumption of nicotine-containing products, it is advisable to separate them depending on the type of products consumed: tobacco smoking separately, ENDS and ETHS consumption separately.

Temporal variation of suspended particles (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) and chemical composition of PM10 in a site at the coast of the Gulf of Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1267-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto A. Espinosa ◽  
Javier Miranda ◽  
Enrique Hernández ◽  
Javier Reyes ◽  
Ana L. Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
A Site

scholarly journals Own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco in three Eastern Mediterranean countries: a volumetric choice experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056616
Author(s):  
Ali Chalak ◽  
Rima Nakkash ◽  
Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh ◽  
Yousef S Khader ◽  
Mohammed Jawad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

BackgroundWaterpipe tobacco smoking rates in the Eastern Mediterranean region are among the highest worldwide, yet little evidence exists on its economics. Estimates of demand elasticities for tobacco products are largely limited to cigarettes. This study aimed to estimate own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco products in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine.MethodsA volumetric choice experiment was conducted using nationally representative household surveys. The choice experiment elicited respondents’ stated purchases of eight cigarette and waterpipe tobacco product varieties by hypothetically varying prices. Data were analysed using zero-inflated Poisson models that yielded demand elasticity estimates of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco consumption.ResultsThe study included 1680 participants in Lebanon (50% female), 1925 in Jordan (44.6% female) and 1679 in Palestine (50% female). We found the demand for premium cigarettes to be price elastic (range, −1.0 to −1.2) across all three countries, whereas the demand for discount cigarettes was less elastic than premium cigarettes in Lebanon (−0.6) and Jordan (−0.7) and more elastic in Palestine (−1.2). The demand for premium waterpipe tobacco was highly elastic in Lebanon (−1.9), moderately elastic in Jordan (−0.6) and inelastic in Palestine (0.2). The cross-price elasticity between cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco was near zero, suggesting that the two products are not considered to be close substitutes by consumers.ConclusionsThese results serve as a strong evidence base for developing and implementing fiscal policies for tobacco control in the Eastern Mediterranean region that address cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco products.

scholarly journals Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products: The Devil in Disguise or a Considerable Risk Reduction?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk W Lachenmeier ◽  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Devil

Background: Heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products are not burnt but instead are inserted into a tobacco-heating system, which heats the tobacco at temperatures below that required to initiate combustion. This mechanism potentially results in significantly reduced concentrations of heat-generated toxicants in the inhalable aerosol.Method: The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for quantitative risk assessment. The MOE is defined as the ratio between the toxicological threshold and the estimated human intake of the same compound. The higher the MOE, the lower the risk of a compound.Findings: The MOEs were increased by factors of 3 to 415 for the most toxic compounds in tobacco smoke, comparing use of HNB with smoking conventional tobacco products. The combined MOE for all compounds was increased 23-fold, excluding nicotine, or 10-fold including nicotine. Thus, the overall risk for cumulative toxic effects was markedly lower for HNB products.Conclusions: HNB tobacco reduced the risk of exposure to 9 out of the 20 most toxic compounds in tobacco beyond an MOE threshold of 10,000. While our results show that use of HNB products leads to a considerable risk reduction compared to conventional tobacco, the products cannot be considered completely “risk-free” due to risk of exposure to the remaining toxicants with MOE below the threshold.

Nicotine and Tobacco

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-182
Author(s):  
Shadi Nahvi ◽  
Darius A. Rastegar
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Exhaled Carbon Monoxide

Nicotine is responsible for the psychoactive and habit-forming effects of tobacco. Approximately 30% of Americans use tobacco products; half of them are nicotine-dependent. Nicotine has mild stimulant effects. Overdose is rare in experienced users. Some may develop nausea, vomiting, weakness, and dizziness. Withdrawal symptoms include craving, irritability, anxiety, restlessness, and increased appetite. Smokers have elevated exhaled carbon monoxide and serum carboxyhemoglobin levels. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, can be detected in blood and urine. Many medical conditions are associated with tobacco use (particularly smoking), including cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, and a variety of malignancies. A number of interventions can help increase smoking cessation rates, including physician advice, counseling, nicotine replacement, varenicline, and bupropion. Electronic cigarettes may help smokers quit or reduce their smoking.

scholarly journals A STUDY TO ASSESS THE PREVALENCE AND ATTITUDE OF USE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS AMONG ADOLESCENT BOYS

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
Sarita Fernandes ◽  
Suchithra B. S.
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Demographic Variable ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Tobacco Products

AbstractA simple descriptive design was adopted for the study to assess the attitude among the adolescent regarding tobacco consumption. The sample consisted of 100 adolascents boys, Convenient sampling method was used to select the samples. The data collection for the study was done by using demographic performa, questionnaire and rating scales. The analysis of the data was based according to the objectives and hypothesis. The results showed that- Majority of the consumers 57 (57%) were between the age group of 16-19 years of age , 39 (39%) were have secondary education, Attitude of adolescent boys towards tobacco consumption is negative (32%). There was no association between attitude and demographic variable like age, education and economic status etc (p<0.05).Smoking of cigarettes , particularly of “beedies” (which consist of about 0.2 to 0.3g of tobacco rolled up in the leaf of another plant (tambourine) has been widespread for many decades among men in India. There have, however, been no substantial studies on the prevalence of tobacco use among youth in India. The tobacco prevalence among girls is alarming. The results of survey show the need to increase awareness about health hazards of tobacco use among students.

scholarly journals Price, Income, and Affordability as the Determinants of Tobacco Consumption: A Practitioner’s Guide to Tobacco Taxation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Michal Stoklosa ◽  
Ce Shang ◽  
Jeffrey Drope
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
High Income ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
Tobacco Taxation

Abstract Introduction Tobacco product prices and consumers’ income are the two major economic determinants of tobacco demand. The affordability of tobacco products is dependent on the price of tobacco products relative to consumer income. Increase in tobacco tax is expected to lead to higher price, lower affordability, and reduced consumption. Price elasticity and affordability elasticity are used in analyzing the effect of tobacco tax increases on tobacco consumption and public health. The availability of both parameters raises the question of which one to apply in policy discussions. Aims and Methods Using global data on cigarette consumption, price, income, and tobacco control measures for 169 countries over 2007–2016, this study estimated the price elasticity and affordability elasticity of cigarette consumption by country income classification using country-specific fixed effects model for panel data. Results The estimates show that the restriction of equal strength of the effects of price and income changes on tobacco consumption maintained in affordability elasticity estimation is valid for low- and middle-income countries, while it is rejected for high-income countries. Conclusions Affordability elasticity may prove to be a useful parameter to explain and predict the sensitivity of consumers to tobacco tax and price policy changes under conditions of robust economic growth, which are more likely to be observed in countries with initial low- or middle-income setting. It can provide a reasonable benchmark for tobacco tax and price increase necessary to effectively reduce affordability and consumption of tobacco, which can form a basis for building systematic tax and price increases into the tobacco tax policy mechanism. Implications Price elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to changes in real prices, holding real income constant. Affordability elasticity measures the sensitivity of consumers to price changes adjusted for inflation and income changes. Existing scientific literature on tobacco demand abounds in both price and affordability elasticity estimates, without providing a clear explanation of the theoretical and policy implications of using one parameter over the other. By estimating and comparing price and affordability elasticities for high-income and low-and-middle-income countries separately, this article offers a guide to the practitioners in tobacco taxation for evaluating the effectiveness of tax-induced price increases on tobacco consumption.

scholarly journals The Effects of Tobacco Control Policies on Tobacco Products, Tar, and Nicotine Purchases among Adults: Evidence from Household Panel Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Cotti ◽  
Erik Nesson ◽  
Nathan Tefft
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Compensatory Behavior ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Household Panel Data

We analyze the Nielsen Household Consumer Panel to estimate the effects of tobacco policies on tobacco-related purchases using within-household variation. We also match purchases to cigarette contents from NHANES. Higher cigarette taxes reduce cigarette purchases and increase smoking cessation product purchases, while estimates of smoking ban effects are less precisely estimated. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) taxes lead to reductions in SLT use but also lead to substitution among SLT products. We find evidence that cigarette taxes induce purchases of cigarettes with higher tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide contents, but this compensatory behavior is overwhelmed by the reduction in cigarettes purchased. (JEL D12, H25, H31, I18, L66)

scholarly journals An exploratory non-randomized study of a 3-month electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) intervention with people accessing a homeless supported temporary accommodation service (STA) in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Scheibein ◽  
Kevin McGirr ◽  
Andy Morrison ◽  
Warren Roche ◽  
John Stephen Gary Wells
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

Abstract Background Smoking is endemic amongst people accessing homeless services, and they are disproportionately affected by smoking-related diseases. This paper reports on the results of a 3-month small scale intervention which explored the efficacy, challenges and opportunities of using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to support cessation of tobacco smoking with people accessing an Irish supported temporary accommodation (STA) homeless service. It considers the results of this intervention with reference to the balance of harms between the use of vaping to support smoking cessation and continued smoking. Methods Twenty-three participants were recruited. Demographic data, carbon monoxide (CO) measurements, homelessness status and smoking history were recorded. Participants were given an ENDS device and two 10-ml bottles containing e-liquid available in several flavours and at several strengths. Participants could pick up new bottles on a weekly basis. At weeks 1, 4, 8 and 12, the Fagerström Test and Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS) were administered. Results Over 75% of the residents in the participating hostel were recruited (23/30). However, there was a substantial loss to follow-up (n = 14) as a result of data protection issues, the transient nature of the population of interest and non-compliance with the intervention. Self-reported reductions in cigarette consumption were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, reductions in carbon monoxide measurements were not statistically significant. Decreases in Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test were statistically significant (p = 0.001), but decreases in MPSS “urge to smoke” and “strength of urges” composite scores were not. Reported side effects included coughing, runny nose, bleeding nose, slight sweating, dizziness, increased phlegm and a burning sensation at the back of the throat. Barriers to engagement were peer norms, vaping restrictions in accommodation and adverse life events. Positive effects reported included increased energy, less coughing, better breathing and financial benefits. An improvement in the domain “poor concentration” was also found to be statistically significant (p = 0.040). Conclusion ENDS-based interventions may be effective with this population. Future research should aim to improve follow-up, consider including behavioural components and monitor health effects in relation to ongoing concerns around risks and the balance of harms. Trial registration Registered retrospectively ISRCTN14767579

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