scholarly journals The impact of air pollution with the particulate matter on the development of cardiovascular diseases (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-559
Author(s):  
Serafima V. German ◽  
Igor P. Bobrovnitskii ◽  
Alisa V. Balakaeva
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
The Impact

Air pollution constitutes a severe threat to human health. It is recognized as an essential risk factor for morbidity and mortality, contributing primarily to the development of cardiovascular pathology - arterial hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke. A decrease in air pollution is accompanied by reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Researches on CVD mechanisms development under the influence of air pollutants keep on being conducted. The main biological pathways are inflammation and oxidative stress, causing cascades of synergistic pathophysiological reactions. The most significant harm is caused by the particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine particles PM0.1 (less than 0.1 microns) with the highest penetrating ability. Air pollution by PM can have adverse effects with both prolonged and short-term exposure. The elderly patients with CVD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity are more vulnerable to exposure to pollutants. The purpose of this work is to generalize data on the issue of the interconnection of air pollution with particulate matter and cardiovascular diseases obtained over the past decade and a half. A literature search was conducted in MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar databases. The results of studies on exposure to air pollutants may vary due to differences in concentration, the composition of pollutants, duration of exposure, study design, characteristics of study participants, etc. In addition, susceptibility to air pollution can vary under the influence of other factors - economic, environmental, social, etc. The nature of atmospheric air pollution has been studied in many industrial centres of Russia. Still, only a few studies have been devoted to its effect on the country’s cardiovascular system. Awareness of this problem remains insufficient to date.

scholarly journals The short term burden of ambient gaseous air pollution on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Pudong New Area, China: A time-stratified case-crossover study with a distributed lag nonlinear model 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichen Chen ◽  
Xiaopan Li ◽  
Hanyi Chen ◽  
Lianghong Sun ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model ◽  
Pudong New Area ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Air pollution is a severe and dangerous public health problem. However, the effect of ambient gaseous air pollution exposure on years of life lost (YLL) attributable to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality has not been quantitatively verified.Methods: We collected the data of 12,781 COPD deaths and ambient gaseous air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), during the years 2013-2019 in the Shanghai Pudong New Area (PNA). Then we performed a time-stratified case-crossover study combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to estimate the impact of those air pollutants on daily COPD deaths counts and YLL. The confounders including long-term trend and meteorological factors have been controlled for, and effects of age and educational attainment as effect modifiers have also been evaluated.Results: During the 2013-2019 time frame, increases of 10μg/m3 in SO2 and NO2 were associated with a 4.93% (95% CI: 1.47%, 8.50%) and 1.47% (95% CI: 0.14%, 2.82%) in daily COPD death counts at lag0-1day, respectively, a 2.52 (95% CI: 0.31, 4.72) YLL increase and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.01, 1.68) YLL increase at lag0-1day, respectively. A 1mg/m3 increase in CO was associated with a 9.46% (95% CI: 0.40%, 19.35%) at lag0 increase in daily COPD death counts. No significant impact from O3 on both daily COPD deaths counts and YLL (P>0.05). The impact of gaseous air pollutants on the daily COPD death count and YLL were significant in populations of older adults and the lower educated population, while an insignificant effect was observed in the younger population and higher educated population. The YLL due to COPD related to SO2 and CO for the lower educated population was significantly higher than those for the higher educated population.Conclusion: Reducing specific gaseous air pollutants will help to control COPD deaths and improve the population’s life expectancy.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19-Related Lockdown οn Hospital Admissions for Asthma and COPD Exacerbations: Associations with Air Pollution and Patient Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Ioanna Sigala ◽  
Timoleon Giannakas ◽  
Vassilis G. Giannakoulis ◽  
Efthimios Zervas ◽  
Aikaterini Brinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Nitrogen Monoxide ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Exacerbations

We conducted a retrospective observational study to assess the hospitalization rates for acute exacerbations of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) during the first imposed lockdown in Athens, Greece. Patient characteristics and the concentration of eight air pollutants [namely, NO (nitrogen monoxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5), PM10 (particulate matter 10), O3 (ozone), SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and benzene] were considered. A total of 153 consecutive hospital admissions were studied. Reduced admissions occurred in the Lockdown period compared to the Pre-lockdown 2020 (p < 0.001) or the Control 2019 (p = 0.007) period. Furthermore, the concentration of 6/8 air pollutants positively correlated with weekly hospital admissions in 2020 and significantly decreased during the lockdown. Finally, admitted patients for asthma exacerbation during the lockdown were younger (p = 0.046) and less frequently presented respiratory failure (p = 0.038), whereas patients with COPD presented higher blood eosinophil percentage (p = 0.017) and count (p = 0.012). Overall, admissions for asthma and COPD exacerbations decreased during the lockdown. This might be partially explained by reduction of air pollution during this period while medical care avoidance behavior, especially among elderly patients cannot be excluded. Our findings aid in understanding the untold impact of the pandemic on diseases beyond COVID-19, focusing on patients with obstructive diseases.

scholarly journals Obesity as a susceptibility factor to indoor particulate matter health effects in COPD

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1248-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith C. McCormack ◽  
Andrew J. Belli ◽  
Deepak A. Kaji ◽  
Elizabeth C. Matsui ◽  
Emily P. Brigham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Rescue Medication ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Indoor Particulate Matter ◽  
The Impact

Our goal was to investigate whether obesity increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of indoor particulate matter on respiratory morbidity among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Participants with COPD were studied at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg·m−2. At each time point, indoor air was sampled for 5–7 days and particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic size ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 2.5–10 μm (PM2.5–10) was measured. Respiratory symptoms, health status, rescue medication use, exacerbations, blood biomarkers and exhaled nitric oxide were assessed simultaneously.Of the 84 participants enrolled, 56% were obese and all were former smokers with moderate-to-severe COPD. Obese participants tended to have less severe disease as assessed by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease stage and fewer pack-years of smoking. There was evidence that obesity modified the effects of indoor PM on COPD respiratory outcomes. Increases in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were associated with greater increases in nocturnal symptoms, dyspnoea and rescue medication use among obese versus non-obese participants. The impact of indoor PM on exacerbations, respiratory status and wheeze also tended to be greater among obese versus non-obese participants, as were differences in airway and systemic inflammatory responses to indoor PM.We found evidence that obesity was associated with exaggerated responses to indoor fine and coarse PM exposure among individuals with COPD.

scholarly journals Examination of Air Pollution’s Relationship with COVID-19, Physical and Mental Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Hina Islam ◽  
Irfan Sharif Shakoori ◽  
Fauzia Aslam ◽  
Gohar Ashraf ◽  
Hammad Akram
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being

AbstractAir pollution is a result of natural phenomena or human activities that can cause the release of harmful substances in the environment, leading to adverse health outcomes among living beings. Pollution is associated with adverse health impacts on multiple organ systems among humans. While the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are mainly affected, there are other health issues related to the eyes, skin, brain, blood, immunity, behavioral/mental well-being, and reproduction among exposed individuals. Air pollutants can especially have higher health impacts on people at the extremes of their ages (children and elderly) and on those suffering from underlying respiratory and heart issues. Pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide have respiratory effects among children and adults and are associated with increased respiratory diseases, asthma exacerbations, and related hospitalizations. Carbon monoxide interferes with transporting oxygen by forming carboxyhemoglobin leading to cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory problems. Particulate matter is a heterogeneous mixture of tiny particles of varying compositions found in the atmosphere and has a wide variety of severe health effects. Particulate matter emits from combustion, diesel engines, power generation, and wood-burning, and certain industrial activities. Lead is considered neurotoxic and has more severe consequences among children. Here we summarize characteristics of six criteria air pollutants and associated air quality risk assessment parameters known as the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI). The present manuscript also examines the impact of air pollution on human behavior, mental well-being, and neurological health consequences, as air pollution has been associated with cognitive decline, hyperactivity, dementia, anxiety, depression, aggression, and Alzheimer’s disease-related changes. Lastly, we also attempt to look into any relationship between air pollutants and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and examine its possible association with a higher COVID-19 incidence, complications, and mortality.

scholarly journals Effects of Air Pollutants on Airway Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9905
Author(s):  
Yun-Gi Lee ◽  
Pureun-Haneul Lee ◽  
Seon-Muk Choi ◽  
Min-Hyeok An ◽  
An-Soo Jang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Air pollutants include toxic particles and gases emitted in large quantities from many different combustible materials. They also include particulate matter (PM) and ozone, and biological contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which can penetrate the human airway and reach the bloodstream, triggering airway inflammation, dysfunction, and fibrosis. Pollutants that accumulate in the lungs exacerbate symptoms of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthma, a heterogeneous disease with complex pathological mechanisms, is characterized by particular symptoms such as shortness of breath, a tight chest, coughing, and wheezing. Patients with COPD often experience exacerbations and worsening of symptoms, which may result in hospitalization and disease progression. PM varies in terms of composition, and can include solid and liquid particles of various sizes. PM concentrations are higher in urban areas. Ozone is one of the most toxic photochemical air pollutants. In general, air pollution decreases quality of life and life expectancy. It exacerbates acute and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases, and increases the morbidity and risk of hospitalization associated with respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Therefore, we reviewed the impact of air pollutants on airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, focusing on their underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Investigation Regarding the Correlation between Particulate Matter 2.5 Air Pollution and Mortality Rates due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Ekta Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Relationship

In 2015, 3.2 million people died due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), worldwide. In fact, survival rates for those living with severe COPD are lower than for those with cancer. The one known contributor to this disease is air pollution, and with its rising levels every year, it is necessary to determine the exact correlation between air pollution and COPD. Data was gathered for a selection of 20 countries from the World Bank Database and Health Data Database. This data was graphed and analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, which is a statistical test that measures the relationship between 2 variables. When calculated, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.756, determining that there is a significant relationship between air pollution and COPD. Through the investigation, it is concluded that there is a positive correlation between PM2.5 air pollution and mortality rate due to COPD. PM2.5 is a component of air pollution defined as the amount of atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers. Due to its small physical nature, PM2.5 can easily infiltrate the lungs, causing infections in the respiratory organs. They can reach the bronchi and even the alveoli, causing inflammation which ultimately results in COPD and premature deaths. Therefore, this research will aim to investigate the relationship between PM2.5 air pollution and COPD, allowing for a better understanding of these variables.

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