scholarly journals EVALUATION OF COPPER DEPOSITS PROSPECT IN WAI WAJO AREA OF SIKKA REGENCY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Bambang Pardiarto
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Vein ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Tholeiitic Magma ◽  
Mineral Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Deposit Type

Lowo Deba prospect in Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province shows significant evidences for copper deposit. The prospect is discovered by joint cooperation activity between Directorate of Mineral Resources Inventory (DMRI) and Korea Resources Corporation (KORES) in the systematic exploration program. The evaluation based on the quantitative analysis of rock and mineral characteristics as well as geologic mapping, petrography, mineragraphy, fluid inclusion, spectra analysis (PIMA), geochemical and geophysical data. The geology of the prospect area consists of Miocene volcanics of Kiro Formation and Tanahau Formation, intrusion of granodiorite and Quaternary volcanics. The volcanic rock shows the characteristic of tholeiitic magma. The predominant system of lineaments in the prospect area tends to be NE-SW trend. This fault structure appears to have closely relationship with the mineralization in Lowo Deba prospect. The mineralization and alteration outcrops appear to be structural controlled to form epithermal deposit type. Most of the mineralizations are hosted by phyllic – argillic altered andesitic to dacitic tuff which is intruded by granodiorite. Rock samples indicate the mineralization type is quartz vein containing chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, covellite and pyrite. The best grade revealed from these altered rocks of 6,980 ppm Cu and 50 ppb Au, and from quartz vein of 4,868 ppm Cu and 57 ppb Au. Mineralization stages evolved from initial higher temperatures (> 320° C) to later lower temperatures (near 170° C).  Soil geochemical analysis identify two zones of combined anomaly i.e. Au-Cu-Mo and AgPb-Zn. Those anomalies are concentrated in the phyllic and argillic altered andesitic tuff. These soil anomaly coincide with IP anomalies which are found in electrode separation index of n=5 and n=7 in line WA7 with chargeability value up to 405.7 Msec and resistivity value of 37.7 Ohm-m. In general high chargeability and low resistivity anomalies are developed in the direction of southwest to northeast and still open to the northeast. The high chargeability value allows to predict the occurrence of copper deposits potential. Some bore holes are proposed for the next survey to confirm the presence of new copper deposits in the prospect area.

scholarly journals Geochemical - geology characteristics implicating original sources and copper - deposit type in Kon Ra ore - field

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
Niem Van Nguyen ◽  
Dung Tien Nguyen ◽  
Duan Tran ◽  
Tu Trong Mai ◽  
Nguyen Duc Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Zone ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Metasomatic Process ◽  
Geochemical Zoning ◽  
Mineral Characteristics ◽  
Deposit Type ◽  
Outer Contact

Based on the research results on petrographic - mineralogical characteristics, tectonic structural features, geochemistry of major and trace elements of the bedrock, alternative rock, ore, soil, mineralogical geochemistry, mineral facies, inclusions, the origin of ore formation related to oxidized granite and skarnoid - typed metasomatic process in Kon Ra copper ore field have been identified. Petrological and mineral characteristics indicate the process of transitional metasomatism between the skarn and hornfels, also known as bimetasomatic stage (skarnoid deposit type). Diopxite represents the Progade skarnoid stage. Tremolite, actinolite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, molybdenite, less of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite indicate the retrogade skarnoid stage. The following is sulfide - quartz stage (major minerals include: quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite). This result is also consistent with the formation temperature 210÷270 0C and the geochemical zoning of elements from intrusive blocks through the outer contact zone that contains the ore and surrounding rocks are as follows: Cu, Zn, Ca (the zone has lime-rich formations), Fe3+, Mo increases in the outer contact zone containing ore closed to acid intrusive rocks. Inversely, the ratios of Pb/Cu, Zn/Cu, and As content increased in the alteration from this zone to the outer one. In addition, uranium mineralization is associated with a later magma stage (pegmatite granite in endo-contact is high uranium radiation: U = 0.17÷0.2%, 3,420,000÷8,020,000 µR/h and contains uraninite).

Interpretation of airborne and ground magnetic and gamma-ray spectrometry data in prospecting for base metals in the central-north part of the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Block, Bahia, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. T85-T100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno F. Gonçalves ◽  
Edson E. S Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Quantitative Interpretation ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Preliminary Identification ◽  
North Part ◽  
Ground Magnetic ◽  
Northern Segment

Interpretation of airborne and ground magnetic and radiometric geophysical data is fundamental to provide support for geologic mapping and exploration of mineral resources. This is particularly important of the Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá Block component of the São Francisco Craton in the state of Bahia, Brazil, which bears important base metal mineralization in ultramafic intrusions. The interpreted airborne data covered part of the northern segment, and the ground data comprised an area of [Formula: see text] in the northern segment of that Archean block. The radiometric interpretation was only qualitative, and the magnetic interpretation was qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative interpretation defined distinct configurations of the geophysical signatures. So, it furnished possible regional and local geologic models and also helped to infer the distribution of magnetization and radiometric content in the rocks. The quantitative interpretation started with Werner deconvolution for a preliminary identification of the magnetic sources, and 2D magnetic modeling improved the definition of the anomalous bodies in terms of geometry, depth to the top, and magnetic susceptibility. The combined qualitative and quantitative interpretation allowed mapping of the rocks that contain magnetic and metallic minerals, as well as felsic lithology, such as granites and orthogneisses, and mafic lithology, such as gabbros and amphibolites. It also suggested that most of the northwest–southeast lineaments related to felsic and mafic magnetic intrusions. The analysis may extend to other areas of the block and be integrated with field and laboratory geologic, geophysical, and geochemical studies for an adequate exploration of nickel, copper, and chromium that are potentially present in the region.

scholarly journals Magma Emplacement Rates and Porphyry Copper Deposits: Thermal Modeling of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1653-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schöpa ◽  
Catherine Annen ◽  
John H. Dilles ◽  
R. Stephen J. Sparks ◽  
Jon D. Blundy
Keyword(s):  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposit ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposits ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Deposit Formation ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Magma Emplacement

Abstract Many porphyry copper deposits are associated with granitoid plutons. Porphyry copper deposit genesis is commonly attributed to degassing of pluton-forming intermediate to silicic magma chambers during slow cooling and crystallization. We use numerical simulations of thermal evolution during pluton growth to investigate the links between pluton construction, magma accumulation and solidification, volatile release, and porphyry copper deposit formation. The Jurassic Yerington batholith, Nevada, serves as a case study because of its exceptional exposure, revealing the geometry of three main intrusions. The last intrusion, the Luhr Hill granite, is associated with economic porphyry copper deposits localized over cupolas where dikes and fluid flow were focused. Our simulations for the conceptual model linking porphyry copper deposits with the presence of large, highly molten magma chambers show that the Luhr Hill granite must have been emplaced at a vertical thickening rate of several cm/yr or more. This magma emplacement rate is much higher than the time-averaged formation rates of other batholiths reported in the literature. Such low rates, although common, do not lead to magma accumulation and might be one of the reasons why many granitoid plutons are barren. Based on our results, we formulate the new testable hypothesis of a link between porphyry copper deposit formation and the emplacement time scale of the associated magma intrusion.

Plating Opportunities in 3D

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 002228-002250
Author(s):  
Albrecht Uhlig ◽  
Holger Bera ◽  
Cornelia Jaeger ◽  
Dirk Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Copper Plating ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Dual Damascene ◽  
3D Packaging

Through Silicon Via's (TSV) are one of the key enabling technologies towards 3D packaging. Copper electroplating is frequently mentioned as candidate to fill TSV's besides polySi or ink-jetting conductive inks and attracts high attention. In addition to copper plating solder plating offers the next opportunity. Last but not least the ultimate target of an “all wet TSV” where also barrier and seed layers are electroplated, was demonstrated already. This paper targets to introduce the 3D related plating technologies and will encourage a discussion about targets to be meet in order to enable 3D. Even so copper plating is well introduced to the IC industry for Dual Damascene plating, TSV copper filling challenges the plating technology. One of the reasons why is that TSV dimensions are almost one magnitude larger than dual damascene structures. So in order to meet the industries target of fast and void free copper filling, type and function of organic additives applied in copper plating bathes need to be re investigated. Galvanic copper electrolytes contain three organic additives. Carrier is a mild plating suppressor, Brightener is an accelerator, and Leveler is a strong suppressor and locally deactivates the Brightener. The Leveler component mainly affects the properties of the copper deposits. This paper will give an overview about type and role of organic additives used for TSV application. We will also discuss how namely the Leveler controls the filling mechanism and copper deposit properties. Two different acidic copper systems were used for TSV-filling. System A shows a super-conformal filling behavior and different copper grain structures at the surface compared to the TSV body. System B shows a bottom-up filling with similar copper grain structure at surface and TSV body. Both systems vary further regarding stress of the copper deposits, recrystallization temperature, incorporation of additives, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The paper discusses the influence of organic copper additives to the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the copper deposits. Even so process technology to fill TSV's is still fast progressing we like to give a snapshot of fill times per TSV dimension reached using System B. Other potential plating applications in 3D stacking are eventually plating solder and/or diffusion barriers. This paper intends to introduce the basic principles of electrochemical and electroless plating and give application examples for Tin and Nickel/Palladium electroless plated layers applied for 3D packaging applications. Last but not least the concept of “all wet TSV” appears in the literature, targeting to substitute the barrier and seed layer so fare deposited by vacuum deposition technology by plating technologies. We will shortly review the literature and will introduce work currently under progress in Atotech towards an “all wet TSV”.

Geological characteristics, deposit type, and metallogenic epoch of the Katebasu gold-copper deposit in western Tianshan

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhua Liu ◽  
Yixiao Han ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Xuanxue Mo ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Geological Characteristics ◽  
Western Tianshan ◽  
Deposit Type ◽  
Metallogenic Epoch

Delineation of Permissive Tracts

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Singer ◽  
W. David Menzie
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Deposit Type ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Important Kind

The nonuniform global distributions of metals discussed in chapter 2 are also evident within most countries. Knowledge of the spatial distributions of mineral resources is invaluable in planning. In order to be able to consistently assess the undiscovered mineral resources of regions, as the second part of three-part assessments, areas should be delineated where geology permits the existence of deposits of one or more specified types. These areas, called permissive tracts, are based on geologic criteria derived from deposit models that are themselves based on studies of known deposits outside and perhaps within the study area. Thus, deposit models play the central role in identifying relevant information and in integrating the various kinds of information to delineate permissive tracts. Permissive boundaries are defined such that the probability of deposits of the type delineated occurring outside the boundary are negligible, that is, less than 1 in 100,000. Areas are excluded from these tracts only on the basis of geology, knowledge about unsuccessful exploration, or the presence of barren overburden exceeding some predetermined thickness. A geologic map is the primary local source of information for delineating tracts and identifying which are permissive for different deposit types. Map scales affect the quality and nature of information available for delineations and determine the extent to which geologic units are combined and how cover is represented. Probably the second most important kind of information is an inventory of known deposits and prospects in and near the region being assessed. Tracts may or may not contain known deposits. Because of incomplete deposit descriptions, it often is difficult to identify deposit types for many prospects, occurrences, and some deposits, but those that can be identified increase confidence in domains delineated for the deposit type. Typed prospects may indicate the possibility of some deposit types where the type had not been expected or place limits on the kinds and sizes of deposits that could occur elsewhere. The map of deposits and occurrences classified into deposit types then serves as a check on the accuracy of the delineation of tracts permissive for types rather than a determinant of the delineation.

Laramide Uplift near the Ray and Resolution Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southeastern Arizona: Insights into Regional Shortening Style, Magnitude of Uplift, and Implications for Exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-175
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Favorito ◽  
Eric Seedorff
Keyword(s):  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Reverse Fault ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposits ◽  
Kinematic Modeling ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Strike Direction

Abstract This study integrates new geologic mapping and structural analysis with previous work near Walnut Canyon and Telegraph Canyon to address the style and magnitude of shortening and the relationship between contractional structures and porphyry preservation and localization between the Ray and Resolution porphyry copper deposits. Cenozoic extensional structures were superimposed on earlier contractional structures formed during the Laramide orogeny, which dates from ~80 to 50 Ma. This superposition requires that Cenozoic normal faults be restored prior to analysis of Laramide contractional structures and their relationship to nearby porphyry copper deposits. Five distinct sets of normal faults within the study area progressively tilted the region 65° east. The amount of extension was 10.3 km or 276%. Using key constraints such as offset strata, cutoff angles between faults and various units, and Laramide fault geometries, the study area was structurally reconstructed and verified using 2-D kinematic modeling of reverse fault offset and related folding. Total shortening is 7.2 km or 98%. Laramide reverse faults are interpreted as thick-skinned basement-cored uplifts, because they restore to moderate angles, have related fault-propagation folds, and involve significant crystalline basement rock. The Telegraph Canyon reverse fault has at least 5.3 km of offset, and the Walnut Canyon reverse fault has 3.2 km. The preferred estimate of the total vertical uplift for the fault system is 5.2 km but could be several kilometers greater. The restored strike direction of these faults combined with mid-Cenozoic erosion surfaces throughout the region suggests that this fault system may be responsible for the Laramide uplift of the Tortilla Mountains and Black Hills. In addition, most major porphyry centers appear to have been intruded into the footwall of this large uplift, with local examples including Ray and Resolution, suggesting that topography generated from this uplift may have been critical to preservation of these ore systems. Though definitive crosscutting relationships do not exist in the immediate map area, geologic relationships in a broader area suggest that shortening here began after 74 Ma and, in the Ray area, had ended by ~69 Ma and that porphyry formation postdated reverse faulting by as much as 5 m.y. to as little as <1 m.y.

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