The formation of copper-bismuth sulphosalts in sedimentary copper deposits: The Fore-Sudetic Copper Deposit, Poland as an example

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Andrzej W. Jasiński
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Copper Deposits

scholarly journals Magma Emplacement Rates and Porphyry Copper Deposits: Thermal Modeling of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 1653-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schöpa ◽  
Catherine Annen ◽  
John H. Dilles ◽  
R. Stephen J. Sparks ◽  
Jon D. Blundy
Keyword(s):  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposit ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposits ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Deposit Formation ◽  
Slow Cooling ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Magma Emplacement

Abstract Many porphyry copper deposits are associated with granitoid plutons. Porphyry copper deposit genesis is commonly attributed to degassing of pluton-forming intermediate to silicic magma chambers during slow cooling and crystallization. We use numerical simulations of thermal evolution during pluton growth to investigate the links between pluton construction, magma accumulation and solidification, volatile release, and porphyry copper deposit formation. The Jurassic Yerington batholith, Nevada, serves as a case study because of its exceptional exposure, revealing the geometry of three main intrusions. The last intrusion, the Luhr Hill granite, is associated with economic porphyry copper deposits localized over cupolas where dikes and fluid flow were focused. Our simulations for the conceptual model linking porphyry copper deposits with the presence of large, highly molten magma chambers show that the Luhr Hill granite must have been emplaced at a vertical thickening rate of several cm/yr or more. This magma emplacement rate is much higher than the time-averaged formation rates of other batholiths reported in the literature. Such low rates, although common, do not lead to magma accumulation and might be one of the reasons why many granitoid plutons are barren. Based on our results, we formulate the new testable hypothesis of a link between porphyry copper deposit formation and the emplacement time scale of the associated magma intrusion.

Plating Opportunities in 3D

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 002228-002250
Author(s):  
Albrecht Uhlig ◽  
Holger Bera ◽  
Cornelia Jaeger ◽  
Dirk Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Copper Plating ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Dual Damascene ◽  
3D Packaging

Through Silicon Via's (TSV) are one of the key enabling technologies towards 3D packaging. Copper electroplating is frequently mentioned as candidate to fill TSV's besides polySi or ink-jetting conductive inks and attracts high attention. In addition to copper plating solder plating offers the next opportunity. Last but not least the ultimate target of an “all wet TSV” where also barrier and seed layers are electroplated, was demonstrated already. This paper targets to introduce the 3D related plating technologies and will encourage a discussion about targets to be meet in order to enable 3D. Even so copper plating is well introduced to the IC industry for Dual Damascene plating, TSV copper filling challenges the plating technology. One of the reasons why is that TSV dimensions are almost one magnitude larger than dual damascene structures. So in order to meet the industries target of fast and void free copper filling, type and function of organic additives applied in copper plating bathes need to be re investigated. Galvanic copper electrolytes contain three organic additives. Carrier is a mild plating suppressor, Brightener is an accelerator, and Leveler is a strong suppressor and locally deactivates the Brightener. The Leveler component mainly affects the properties of the copper deposits. This paper will give an overview about type and role of organic additives used for TSV application. We will also discuss how namely the Leveler controls the filling mechanism and copper deposit properties. Two different acidic copper systems were used for TSV-filling. System A shows a super-conformal filling behavior and different copper grain structures at the surface compared to the TSV body. System B shows a bottom-up filling with similar copper grain structure at surface and TSV body. Both systems vary further regarding stress of the copper deposits, recrystallization temperature, incorporation of additives, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The paper discusses the influence of organic copper additives to the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the copper deposits. Even so process technology to fill TSV's is still fast progressing we like to give a snapshot of fill times per TSV dimension reached using System B. Other potential plating applications in 3D stacking are eventually plating solder and/or diffusion barriers. This paper intends to introduce the basic principles of electrochemical and electroless plating and give application examples for Tin and Nickel/Palladium electroless plated layers applied for 3D packaging applications. Last but not least the concept of “all wet TSV” appears in the literature, targeting to substitute the barrier and seed layer so fare deposited by vacuum deposition technology by plating technologies. We will shortly review the literature and will introduce work currently under progress in Atotech towards an “all wet TSV”.

Integrated study of supergene copper deposits from Atacama Desert, Northern Chile: coupled petro-geochemical approach and U-Pb LA-ICP-MS in situ dating

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Steven Kahou ◽  
Stéphanie Brichau ◽  
Stéphanie Duchêne ◽  
Marc Poujol ◽  
Eduardo Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposit ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Common Lead ◽  
Copper Mineralization ◽  
Icp Ms

<p>Supergene copper mineralization (SCM) are nowadays the economic viability of many porphyry copper deposits worldwide. These mineralization are derived from supergene processes, defined by Ransome (1912) as sulfide oxidation and leaching of ore deposits in the weathering environment, and any attendant secondary sulfide enrichment. For supergene copper mineralization to form, favorable tectonics, climate and geomorphologic conditions are required. Tectonics control the uplift needed to induce groundwater lowering and leaching of sulphides from a porphyry copper deposit. Climate controls copper leaching in the supergene environment and groundwater circulation towards the locus where supergene copper-bearing minerals precipitate. Two types of SCM have been recognized: 1) in-situ SCM, which are products of descending aqueous solutions and 2) exotic SCM,  which are the products of lateral migration of supergene copper solutions from a parental porphyry copper deposit (Sillitoe, 2005).</p><p>In the Atacama Desert, such deposits seem to take place during specific Tertiary climatic periods and relief formation. But many uncertainties remain regarding the genesis and the exact timing for their formation. In this study, a coupled approach combining a petro-geochemical study and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating were applied to four mining copper deposits (e.g. Mina Sur, Damiana, El Cobre, Zaldivar) from hyperarid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. Textural features are the same in all the deposits with chrysocolla as the abundant mineral, followed by black chrysocolla, pseudomalachite and minor atacamite and copper wad. Their geochemical compositions (i.e. major, traces and rare Earth elements) also show homogeneous results suggesting similar process in their genesis. U-Pb dating were performed on black chrysocolla, chrysocolla and pseudomalachite from all the deposits. Apart from Mina Sur deposit, all the mines mentioned above showed high common lead content. To try to extract in these deposit an U-Pb age, complementary analyses to quantify accurately common lead concentration are ongoing, using MC-ICPMS. At Mina Sur, U-Pb dating performed on pseudomalachite bands yields a crystallisation age of 18.4 ± 1.0 Ma. For the black chrysocolla clasts, the <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U apparent ages are ranging from 19.7 ± 5.0 Ma down to 6.1 ± 0.3 Ma, a spreading that we interpret as the result of uranium and lead mobility linked to fluid circulation following crystallization. Isotopic analyses, i.e. Cu and O isotopes, are in progress to better constrain the source and nature of these fluids. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that supergene copper mineralization presents a chronological potential and can be dated, at least in some case, by the U-Th-Pb method. Furthermore, the age obtained on pseudomalachite indicates that Mina Sur deposition took place as early as 19 Ma, a result that is in agreement with geological constraints in the mining district and the supergene ages already known in the Atacama Desert. These promising results represent a new tool to understand the physico-chemical, climatic and geological conditions that prevailed during the formation of supergene copper deposits and a proxy for their prospection around the world and maybe date climatic variation.</p>

Exhumation and Preservation of Paleozoic Porphyry Cu Deposits: Insights from the Yandong Deposit, Southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Gong ◽  
Barry P. Kohn ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang ◽  
Bing Xiao ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Central Asian Orogenic Belt ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposits ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Chinese Tianshan

Abstract Paleozoic porphyry copper deposits are generally much less common than their Mesozoic or Cenozoic counterparts, as they can be completely eroded in rapidly uplifting arcs. There are, however, some large Paleozoic porphyry copper deposits preserved worldwide, especially in the Central Asian orogenic belt, although the processes by which these ancient porphyry deposits were preserved are poorly constrained. The Carboniferous Yandong porphyry copper deposit was selected as a case study to resolve this issue using a combination of thermal history models derived from low-temperature thermochronology data and regional geologic records. Our results show that Yandong preserves a record of at least two episodes of cooling separated by a phase of mild Middle Jurassic reheating. These two cooling events included one major event, linked to the Qiangtang collision or northward motion of Tarim plate during the late Permian to Triassic, and one minor event, possibly related to the Lhasa collision or closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, respectively. Tectonic quiescence and limited exhumation prevailed from the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic in the Yandong area. Combining our results with regional geologic records, we propose that extensional tectonic subsidence, postmineralization burial, dry paleoclimatic conditions, and Cenozoic tectonic quiescence were key factors for the preservation of Yandong. This study demonstrates that anomalously old apatite fission track ages, integrated with age-elevation relationships, can have implications for mineral exploration strategies in the Chinese Tianshan orogens.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF COPPER DEPOSITS PROSPECT IN WAI WAJO AREA OF SIKKA REGENCY, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Bambang Pardiarto
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Vein ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Tholeiitic Magma ◽  
Mineral Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Deposit Type

Lowo Deba prospect in Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province shows significant evidences for copper deposit. The prospect is discovered by joint cooperation activity between Directorate of Mineral Resources Inventory (DMRI) and Korea Resources Corporation (KORES) in the systematic exploration program. The evaluation based on the quantitative analysis of rock and mineral characteristics as well as geologic mapping, petrography, mineragraphy, fluid inclusion, spectra analysis (PIMA), geochemical and geophysical data. The geology of the prospect area consists of Miocene volcanics of Kiro Formation and Tanahau Formation, intrusion of granodiorite and Quaternary volcanics. The volcanic rock shows the characteristic of tholeiitic magma. The predominant system of lineaments in the prospect area tends to be NE-SW trend. This fault structure appears to have closely relationship with the mineralization in Lowo Deba prospect. The mineralization and alteration outcrops appear to be structural controlled to form epithermal deposit type. Most of the mineralizations are hosted by phyllic – argillic altered andesitic to dacitic tuff which is intruded by granodiorite. Rock samples indicate the mineralization type is quartz vein containing chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, covellite and pyrite. The best grade revealed from these altered rocks of 6,980 ppm Cu and 50 ppb Au, and from quartz vein of 4,868 ppm Cu and 57 ppb Au. Mineralization stages evolved from initial higher temperatures (> 320° C) to later lower temperatures (near 170° C).  Soil geochemical analysis identify two zones of combined anomaly i.e. Au-Cu-Mo and AgPb-Zn. Those anomalies are concentrated in the phyllic and argillic altered andesitic tuff. These soil anomaly coincide with IP anomalies which are found in electrode separation index of n=5 and n=7 in line WA7 with chargeability value up to 405.7 Msec and resistivity value of 37.7 Ohm-m. In general high chargeability and low resistivity anomalies are developed in the direction of southwest to northeast and still open to the northeast. The high chargeability value allows to predict the occurrence of copper deposits potential. Some bore holes are proposed for the next survey to confirm the presence of new copper deposits in the prospect area.

scholarly journals Application of Dirichlet Process and Support Vector Machine Techniques for Mapping Alteration Zones Associated with Porphyry Copper Deposit Using ASTER Remote Sensing Imagery

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1235
Author(s):  
Mastoureh Yousefi ◽  
Seyed Hasan Tabatabaei ◽  
Reyhaneh Rikhtehgaran ◽  
Amin Beiranvand Pour ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Porphyry Copper ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposit ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Porphyry Copper Deposits ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Alteration Zones ◽  
Hydrothermal Alteration Zones

The application of machine learning (ML) algorithms for processing remote sensing data is momentous, particularly for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits. The unsupervised Dirichlet Process (DP) and the supervised Support Vector Machine (SVM) techniques can be executed for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits. The main objective of this investigation is to practice an algorithm that can accurately model the best training data as input for supervised methods such as SVM. For this purpose, the Zefreh porphyry copper deposit located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) of central Iran was selected and used as training data. Initially, using ASTER data, different alteration zones of the Zefreh porphyry copper deposit were detected by Band Ratio, Relative Band Depth (RBD), Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU), Spectral Feature Fitting (SFF), and Orthogonal Subspace Projection (OSP) techniques. Then, using the DP method, the exact extent of each alteration was determined. Finally, the detected alterations were used as training data to identify similar alteration zones in full scene of ASTER using SVM and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) methods. Several high potential zones were identified in the study area. Field surveys and laboratory analysis were used to validate the image processing results. This investigation demonstrates that the application of the SVM algorithm for mapping hydrothermal alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits is broadly applicable to ASTER data and can be used for prospectivity mapping in many metallogenic provinces around the world.

SEM analysis of the change in the reaction rates with deposit structures in the copper-iron cementation system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
V. Annamalai ◽  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Emission Mode ◽  
Scrap Iron ◽  
Image Position

Economical recovery of copper metal from leach liquors has been carried out by the simple process of cementing copper onto a suitable substrate metal, such as scrap-iron, since the 16th century. The process has, however, a major drawback of consuming more iron than stoichiometrically needed by the reaction.Therefore, many research groups started looking into the process more closely. Though it is accepted that the structural characteristics of the resultant copper deposit cause changes in reaction rates for various experimental conditions, not many systems have been systematically investigated. This paper examines the deposit structures and the kinetic data, and explains the correlations between them.A simple cementation cell along with rotating discs of pure iron (99.9%) were employed in this study to obtain the kinetic results The resultant copper deposits were studied in a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer HHS-2R scanning electron microscope operated at 25kV in the secondary electron emission mode.

Electrochemical nucleation and growth of copper on iron and aluminum: A TEM study of industrial copper cementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr ◽  
V. Annamalai
Keyword(s):  
Metal Surface ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Electrochemical Reactions ◽  
Mine Shaft ◽  
De Re ◽  
Copper Precipitation ◽  
Electrochemical Nucleation ◽  
Interesting System

Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his classical book, “De Re Metallica”, mentioned a strange water drawn from a mine shaft near Schmölnitz in Hungary that eroded iron and turned it into copper. This precipitation (or cementation) of copper on iron was employed as a commercial technique for producing copper at the Rio Tinto Mines in Spain in the 16th Century, and it continues today to account for as much as 15 percent of the copper produced by several U.S. copper companies.In addition to the Cu/Fe system, many other similar heterogeneous, electrochemical reactions can occur where ions from solution are reduced to metal on a more electropositive metal surface. In the case of copper precipitation from solution, aluminum is also an interesting system because of economic, environmental (ecological) and energy considerations. In studies of copper cementation on aluminum as an alternative to the historical Cu/Fe system, it was noticed that the two systems (Cu/Fe and Cu/Al) were kinetically very different, and that this difference was due in large part to differences in the structure of the residual, cement-copper deposit.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document