SCHOOL HYGIENE PROMOTION APPROACHES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON PUPIL’S HYGIENE PRACTICES IN PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN DAGORETTI, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine hygiene promotion approaches that were being employed by public primary schools in Dagoretti North and South Sub Counties in Nairobi City County and whether the approaches influenced hygiene behaviors that were practiced by pupils. Methodology: The study applied a descriptive cross-sectional design. Questionnaires were administered to 384 pupils with the aim of collecting data on hygiene knowledge and practices. A questionnaire was also used to collect data on hygiene promotion approaches from 32 school health teachers. Pupils’ demographic data was collected from school head teachers. Five key informant interviews were conducted with Nairobi City County public health and education officers and a staff from a non-governmental organization that was implementing school hygiene activities in Dagoretti South and North Sub Counties. Observation checklists were used to triangulate information on hygiene practices by pupils. Analysis was done using SPSS software. Findings: Results indicate that 95.6% of the pupils practiced hand washing at critical times, 98.7% used the toilet while 85.4% safely disposed solid waste. The study reveals that water, sanitation and hygiene in schools approach is implemented by 31.3% of the school health teachers. There was a significant relationship between school health clubs approach and hand washing at critical times (p=0.04) and proper solid waste disposal (p=0.02). One way analysis of variance established that there is a significant difference among hygiene promotion approaches and pupils hygiene knowledge, F(5, 162) = 6.41, p <.05 ƞ²p = 0.076. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study establishes that different hygiene promotion approaches have the potential to influence hygiene practices and in particular, hand washing at critical times and proper solid waste disposal amongst pupils. The study recommends the use of school health clubs approach for hygiene promotion at public primary schools

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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and the Incidence and Prevalence of Children in Five Public Primary Schools in N'Zerekore, Guinea

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53535/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alseny Bah ◽

Alhassanel Diallo ◽

Alhassane Bah ◽

Feihu Li

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Primary Schools ◽

School Health ◽

Common Disease ◽

Behavioral Determinants ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Effective Interventions ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

School Health Education ◽

Out Of School

Abstract Background: In Guinea, the incidence and prevalence of children in public primary schools to common disease, e.g., diarrhoeal, malaria, fever, etc. remained pretty high mainly because of the poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions and practices. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of WASH conditions in and out of school, health education programs, and the behavioral determinants of pupils on the incidence and prevalence of children. Methods: A questionnaire was designed to collect necessary information on current hygiene conditions of all the studied primary schools, the WASH practices in and out of schools, and the incidence and prevalence of these pupils. The data were collected via a survey of the pupils (n = 1048) from five public primary schools in the center of the city of N’Zerekore, Guinea between December 2018 and May 2019. Using a social survey (questionnaire survey), face-to-face interviews with the headmasters and the teachers of several selected schools, data collection was based on students' knowledge of hygiene practices associated with WASH, hand washing situations in and out of school.Results: It reveals that the WASH conditions in all five schools are inadequate. The water access and quality in four schools over all the five schools are greatly limited by the boreholes or unprotected dug wells. The scarcity of essential hygiene kits, especially in the latrines, disinclined the pupils to use the toilets in schools. The WASH and health educations are also invalid in all schools, and therefore the pupils were ineffectively influenced to change their unhealthy WASH behaviors. Our data indicated that 100% (n = 1048) of pupils don’t wash their hands with soap after defecation in school, and over 87.9% (n = 922) of students don’t wash hands before eating. All the above determinants result in a high incidence and prevalence of children among these pupils, including malaria, typhoid, diarrhea, etc.Conclusion: To improve the WASH conditions and to change the pupils’ unhealthy behaviors in the long term, some effective interventions including the provision of clean water and sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, as well as widespread and effective health education should be implemented.

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Towards attaining the recommended Humanitarian Sphere Standards of sanitation in Bidibidi refugee camp found in Yumbe District, Uganda

Journal of International Humanitarian Action ◽

10.1186/s41018-021-00105-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zaitun Bako ◽

Alex Barakagira ◽

Ameria Nabukonde

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Well Being ◽

Refugee Camp ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Flowing Water ◽

Solid Waste Disposal ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Low Level

AbstractAdequate sanitation is one of the most important aspects of community well-being. It reduces the rates of morbidity and severity of various diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid among others. A study about toward the attainment of the recommended Humanitarian Sphere Standards on sanitation in Bidibidi refugee camp, Yumbe District, was initiated. A total of 210 households distributed in Bidibidi refugee camp were randomly selected and one adult person interviewed to assess the accessibility of different sanitation facilities, and to explore the sanitation standards of the sanitation facilities in relation to the recommended Humanitarian Sphere Standards in the area. Pit latrines, hand washing facilities, and solid waste disposal areas as reported by 81.4%, 86.7%, and 51.9% of the respondents respectively, are the main sanitation facilities accessed in the refugee camp. Despite their accessibility, the standards of the pit latrines, hand washing, and solid waste disposal facilities are below the recommended standards, which might have contributed to the outbreak of sanitation related diseases (χ2 = 19.66, df = 1, P = 0.05) in Bidibidi refugee camp. The respondents in the study area were aware that the presence of the sanitation-related diseases was because of the low-level sanitation practices in place (χ2 = 4.54, df = 1, P = 0.05). The inaccessibility to some sanitation facilities by some respondents was found to be related to their low level of education (χ2 = 130.37, df = 1, P = 0.05). This implies that the sanitation facilities in Bidibidi refugee camp need to be redesigned and improved especially the pit latrines and the solid waste disposal facilities in order to meet the minimum Humanitarian Sphere Standards. Also, there should be more provision of taps with flowing water in the camp for effective washing practices to minimize the spread of sanitation-related diseases.

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Primary Schools Readiness for Health Emergencies among Primary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria

Journal of Educational and Social Research ◽

10.2478/jesr-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 37-44

Author(s):

J. O. Ogbe

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Primary Schools ◽

School Health ◽

First Aid ◽

T Test ◽

Test Statistics ◽

Health Nurse ◽

Research Questions ◽

Health Teachers ◽

Paired T Test

Abstract The study was meant to explore the readiness of primary schools toward school health emergencies in Delta State, Nigeria. The method was the use of exploratory / descriptive study design of the expost facto method. Three variables of personnel, equipment and environment were used, while three research questions and three hypotheses were used as a guide. Simple questionnaire of Yes or No was used to generate data. Descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentages and paired t-test statistics were used to analysed the data. It was found that personnel for school health emergency were not available in schools and were found to be negatively significant at −30.97 (p = 0.05) and had negative correlation of −1.00. Equipment was found to be available (at least, at the level of First Aid Box) and found significant at paired t - test value of 19.01 (p = 0.05) while environment for school health emergency was not available and negatively significant at paired t – test value of -111.891 (P = 0.05). The study concluded that readiness of primary schools in Delta state for health emergencies is still at its infancy. The study concluded that readiness of primary schools in Delta State is still at its infancy. It was recommended among others Government and stakeholders in primary school education should provide at least one school health Nurse in every primary school and school health teachers be provided with opportunity of training in First Aid and school health emergency.

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Handwashing Practices Among Children in Public Schools in Imo State, Nigeria

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v11n14p15 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Chinyere Augusta Nwajiuba ◽

Chinwe Victoria Ogunji ◽

Rowland Chukwuemeka Uwakwe ◽

Esther Ihuoma David

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Focus Group ◽

Focus Group Discussion ◽

Primary Schools ◽

School Health ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Imo State ◽

Research Questions

This study examined the availability and utilization of handwashing facilities among public primary school pupils in Okigwe Education Zone two (2) of Imo State, Nigeria. Four research questions were posed to guide the study. One hypothesis was formulated and tested. The study adopted a survey research design. Random sampling technique was used to select a sample size for the study. 295 pupils (age bracket 6–14 years) from 12 public primary schools and their form teachers participated in the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire designed from UNICEF's checklist modules for appraising hand washing facilities in schools. Also, observation and focus group discussion were used for the data collection on handwashing practices among pupils using hand washing facilities.Data generated were analyzed using percentage and frequency distribution counts in order to answer the research questions. All information from the focus group discussion using codes and themes were transcribed, grouped and analyzed based on the specific objectives. Findings suggest that out of the twelve schools observed, only two schools had both a handwashing basin with clean water that runs and improvised handwashing facilities at the same time. Based on the findings, hand washing facilities and supplies should be a major priority in all primary schools in Okigwe Education Zone 2 because of its importance in preventing communicable diseases. School health educators should work in conjunction with the Parents Teachers Association of each school to ensure constant and adequate provision of handwashing facilities and supplies. This will further encourage their usage and also reduce absence from schools due to infections.

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Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi’s urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C ◽

10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00079-7 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 27 (11-22) ◽

pp. 845-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Lobina G. Palamuleni

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Urban Poor ◽

Solid Waste Disposal ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Domestic Solid Waste ◽

The City

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Local Perceptions of an Integrated School Health and Nutrition Programme involving WASH, school feeding and deworming in Southwest Ethiopia

10.31235/osf.io/s9ac7 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily Keating ◽

Gemechu Tadesse ◽

Nigussie Geletu Dejene ◽

Elodie Yard ◽

Laura Jane Appleby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Schools ◽

School Health ◽

External Input ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

School Feeding ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Group Interviews ◽

Nutrition Programme

Introduction. The ‘Enhanced School Health Initiative’ (ESHI) targeted 30 primary schools in southern Ethiopia and aimed to improve the health and educational outcomes of school children through an integrated package of school feeding, deworming and the provision of improved water sanitation and hygiene (WASH). This study investigated parental perceptions of this integrated school health and nutrition programme. Methods. The data was collected through group interviews with parents of children at schools targeted by the programme. Ten schools were purposively selected to represent geographical diversity. A team of two trained facilitators led the group interview in each school. All interviews were conducted in local dialects and then directly translated into English and transcribed. The transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings are structured around key themes identified from the discussions.Results and Discussion. Three main themes are identified from the interviews. The first relates to the perceptions of equity and opportunity generated for the children and the parents as a result of the programme. The second theme identifies the dissemination of learning throughout the community reported by parents. This includes the use of children as messengers, particularly for good hygiene practices and importance of deworming. The final theme explores concerns about ownership and sustainability of the programme within the communities. When probed on the topic of sustainability, parents raised conflicts surrounding ownership, and their ability to sustain the programme without further external input. Conclusions. The findings highlight the parent’s perceptions of this integrated school health and nutrition programme, and the multiple mechanisms through which it has an impact on the wider community. They also highlight what aspects of the programme are felt to be sustainable without further input, particularly behaviour change.

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The effectiveness and sustainability of two demand-driven sanitation and hygiene approaches in Zimbabwe

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2011.015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 20-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

L. Whaley ◽

J. Webster

Keyword(s):

Focus Groups ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Health Club ◽

Health Clubs ◽

The Poor ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Sanitation Ladder

Since 2000 a number of community-driven sanitation approaches have emerged that counter a historical trend to subsidise the provision of latrines to the poor. This study reports on a set of findings and conclusions concerning the effectiveness and sustainability of two such approaches operating in Zimbabwe, the community health club (CHC) approach and community-led total sanitation (CLTS). Surveys, interviews and focus groups were conducted in a total of ten project communities from three districts. Results show that, despite little resistance to the idea, a household's ability to own a latrine depends heavily on its ability to afford one. Affordability is also key in moving up the ‘sanitation ladder’, which is necessary if behaviour change is to be sustained in the long term. Whilst both approaches effectively encouraged measures that combat open defecation, only health clubs witnessed a significant increase in the adoption of hand washing. However, CLTS proved more effective in promoting latrine construction, suggesting that the emphasis the CHCs place on hygiene practices such as hand washing needs to be coupled with an even stronger focus on the issue of sanitation brought by CLTS.

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