scholarly journals CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE OLD ALGIERS’S WALL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CONSTRUCTIVE SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Saliha DJEDDI ◽  
Baya BENNOUI
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Old City ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
The City

The old city of Algiers is located in the area of the youngest structure on the African continent consisting of the folding chain of the Tell Atlas. It is arranged in a triangular amphitheater whose base runs along the Mediterranean Sea and the summit reaches the Qasbah, citadel of Algiers; a disposition that shelters it from attacks and external threats for a long time. This defensive position is reinforced by a very deep ditch located on the sides of the triangle and on the side of which stood high and solid stone walls forming the ramparts of the city. The narrations of travelers, historians and soldiers evoke the splendor and resistance of these works and constitute an undeniable source in the recognition of the defensive system of the old city at that time. This said, the discovery of very interesting archaeological traces during the consolidation of part of the walls of the Qasbah “citadel of Algiers” on the side of the battery 4 is an essential element in the commitment to a reflection on the development of the defensive system of Algiers . As well as the different phases of construction of the wall of the city (at least in the eastern part), based on tangible physical evidence.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Sea climatic indices: monitoring long-term variability and climate changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1829-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasia Iona ◽  
Athanasios Theodorou ◽  
Sarantis Sofianos ◽  
Sylvain Watelet ◽  
Charles Troupin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Climatic Indices ◽  
Long Time ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. We present a new product composed of a set of thermohaline climatic indices from 1950 to 2015 for the Mediterranean Sea such as decadal temperature and salinity anomalies, their mean values over selected depths, decadal ocean heat and salt content anomalies at selected depth layers as well as their long time series. It is produced from a new high-resolution climatology of temperature and salinity on a 1∕8∘ regular grid based on historical high-quality in situ observations. Ocean heat and salt content differences between 1980–2015 and 1950–1979 are compared for evaluation of the climate shift in the Mediterranean Sea. The two successive periods are chosen according to the standard WMO climate normals. The spatial patterns of heat and salt content shifts demonstrate that the climate changes differently in the several regions of the basin. Long time series of heat and salt content for the period 1950 to 2015 are also provided which indicate that in the Mediterranean Sea there is a net mean volume warming and salinification since 1950 that has accelerated during the last two decades. The time series also show that the ocean heat content seems to fluctuate on a cycle of about 40 years and seems to follow the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation climate cycle, indicating that the natural large-scale atmospheric variability could be superimposed onto the warming trend. This product is an observation-based estimation of the Mediterranean climatic indices. It relies solely on spatially interpolated data produced from in situ observations averaged over decades in order to smooth the decadal variability and reveal the long-term trends. It can provide a valuable contribution to the modellers' community, next to the satellite-based products, and serve as a baseline for the evaluation of climate-change model simulations, thus contributing to a better understanding of the complex response of the Mediterranean Sea to the ongoing global climate change. The product is available in netCDF at the following sources: annual and seasonal T∕S anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1408832), annual and seasonal T∕S vertical averaged anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1408929), annual and seasonal areal density of OHC/OSC anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1408877), annual and seasonal linear trends of T∕S, OHC/OSC anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1408917), annual and seasonal time series of T∕S, OHC/OSC anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1411398), and differences of two 30-year averages of annual and seasonal T∕S, OHC/OSC anomalies (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1408903).

scholarly journals Time-clustering of wave storms in the Mediterranean Sea

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Besio ◽  
Riccardo Briganti ◽  
Alessandro Romano ◽  
Lorenzo Mentaschi ◽  
Paolo De Girolamo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
North West ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
The North ◽  
Allan Factor ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. In this contribution we identify storm time-clustering in the Mediterranean Sea through the analysis of the spatial distribution of the Allan Factor. This parameter is evaluated from long time series of wave height provided by means of oceanographic buoy measurements and hindcast re-analysis spanning in the period 1979–2014 and characterized by a horizontal resolution of about 0.1 degree in longitude and latitude and a temporal sampling of one hour (Mentaschi et a., 2015). Results reveal clustering mainly for two distinct ranges of time scales. The first range of time scales (12 hrs to 50 days) is associated to sequences of storms generated by the persistence of the same meteorological system. The second range, associated to timescales beteween 50 and 100 days, reveals seasonal fluctuations. Transitional regimes are present at some locations in the basin. The spatial distribution of the Allan Factor reveals that the clustering at smaller time scales is present in the North-West of the Mediterranean, while clustering at larger scales is observed in the whole basin. This analysis is believed to be important to assess the local increased flood and coastal erosion risks due to storm clustering.

scholarly journals The non-indigenous Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909 in the Mediterranean Sea: travelling with shellfish?

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MARCHINI ◽  
J. C. SORBE ◽  
F. TORELLI ◽  
A. LODOLA ◽  
A. OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Lagoon Of Venice ◽  
Ligurian Sea ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
North Adriatic Sea ◽  
Italian Coast

An anthurid isopod new to the Mediterranean Sea has recently been observed in samples from three localities of the Italian coast: the Lagoon of Venice (North Adriatic Sea), La Spezia (Ligurian Sea) and Olbia (Sardinia, Tyrrhenian Sea). The specimens collected showed strong affinity to a species originally described from the NW Pacific Ocean: Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909. The comparison with specimens collected from the Bay of Arcachon (Atlantic coast of France), where P. japonica had been recently reported as non-indigenous, confirmed the identity of the species. This paper reports the most relevant morphological details of the Italian specimens, data on the current distribution of the species and a discussion on the pathways responsible for its introduction. The available data suggest that the presence of this Pacific isopod in several regions of coastal Europe might be due to a series of aquaculture-mediated introduction events that occurred during the last decades of the 1900s. Since then, established populations of P. japonica, probably misidentified, remained unnoticed for a long time.

scholarly journals Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) otoliths reveal growth differences between two areas of the Spanish Mediterranean Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ventero ◽  
Magdalena Iglesias ◽  
Begoña Villamor
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Ebro Delta ◽  
Alboran Sea ◽  
Pelagic Food Web ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Alborán Sea

Anchovy is a commercial species that supports large fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, anchovy is an essential element of the pelagic food web, playing a considerable role in connecting the lower and upper trophic levels. Comparisons made regarding length frequency distribution, demographic structure, growth during the first year inferred from otoliths, and the condition factor of anchovy inhabiting the Spanish Mediterranean Sea (General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean management units, GSA06-Ebro Delta and 01-Alboran Sea), based on five-year data, clearly showed significant growth differences between areas and evidenced the existence of two independent anchovy stocks in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. The anchovies inhabiting the Alboran Sea had higher growth than the anchovies inhabiting the Ebro Delta for the same age (one year old). The dramatic decline of the Alboran Sea anchovy could be related to the current management legislation in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea, based mainly on a common minimum catch size (9 cm), which should be revised given that sustainable anchovy exploitation is crucial for the pelagic food web equilibrium.

scholarly journals Three Great Reformers of the Roman Army

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Severe Shortage

Rome was famous because of its strong military force and it dominate the Mediterranean Sea. However, it was facing severe shortage of soldiers for a long time during 150 BCE. This problem had enormously effect on the Roman society and political life such as the appearance of slavery in Rome and the use of violence in Rome. The reasons why Rome had shortage f soldiers were related to its own military system and political system. The three great reformers, Tiberius Gracchus, Caius Gracchus and Caius Marius tried their best to solve the problem. Gracchus brothers failed but Marius succeed. Experiences we can learn from these reforms will also be mentioned.

De grenzen van het Romeinse Rijk

Lampas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-136
Author(s):  
Rien Polak
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Military ◽  
Different Climates

Summary In the second century AD the Roman Empire reached its largest extent. By that time the military infrastructure at the periphery of the Empire stretched over thousands of kilometres, across the three continents surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Rome had to exert its power in very different climates and landscapes, and deal with external threats varying from the highly developed Parthian Empire to hardly organised nomadic groups. The military infrastructure at its boundaries was therefore quite diverse, but nevertheless the military installations show many similarities across the Empire, due to the frequent displacements of army units and their commanders. This paper provides a concise overview of the frontier sections on all three continents and a brief discussion of differences and similarities.

scholarly journals Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease of pH in near surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliane Merlivat ◽  
Jacqueline Boutin ◽  
David Antoine ◽  
Laurence Beaumont ◽  
Melek Golbol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Two three-year-long time series of hourly measurements of the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) in the upper 10 m of the surface layer of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea have been recorded by CARIOCA sensors almost two decades apart, in 1995–1997 and 2013–2015. By combining them with alkalinity derived from measured temperature and salinity, we calculated changes of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). DIC increased in surface seawater by ~ 25 μmol kg−1 and fCO2 by 40 μatm, whereas seawater pH decreased by ~ 0.04 (0.0021 yr−1). The DIC increase is larger than expected from equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. This supports the hypothesis of a ~ 15 % contribution of the Atlantic Ocean as a source of anthropogenic carbon to the Mediterranean Sea through the strait of Gibraltar. We estimate that the part of DIC accumulated over the last 18 years represents ~ 30 % of the total change since the beginning of the industrial period.

scholarly journals infrastructure

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Elena Grigoryeva
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
80Th Anniversary ◽  
Infrastructure Design ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
City Construction ◽  
Airport Terminals ◽  
The City

The darkness that came from the Mediterranean Sea covered the city hated by the procurator... М. Bulgakov. The Master and MargaritaThe seventh airfield subzone covered our beloved city. Construction was stopped, and engineering was frozen. Now we have as much free time as we need. And while Irkutsk is struggling with the mistakes of previous administrations, let's see how new air terminals are opened one by one in the regional capitals of the country: Kemerovo, Saratov, Perm... The first one we saw was LEONOV in Kemerovo. And we saw it not online, but live, when we arrived at the Festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia”.The object of the issue is not a frequent section in PB. This issue contains several significant infrastructure facilities by Moscow authors. Airport terminals in three Russian regional capitals (41) and the Nizhegorodskaya transport hub in Moscow (63).The main Siberian festival of this autumn is a regular festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia” held in the first decade of September in Kemerovo (15-36). It is noteworthy that the main focus of the work of the key speakers of this festival, Nikolay Shumakov and Timur Bashkaev, is on transport infrastructure facilities. So the stars are aligned for us to talk about it, about INFRASTRUCTURE.The infrastructural crisis has hit fully half of the inhabited world. The gigantic transport, energy and information systems created in the middle of the last century have exhausted their resources. Mikhail Mishustin's government is adopting an ambitious plan to invest tens of trillions of rubles into the country's infrastructures. Joe Biden's government is discussing a similar plan that costs trillions of dollars. Meanwhile, it turns out that both the philosophy and methodology of infrastructure design have fundamentally changed and now require a deep rethinking. Along with the burning issues, however, we do not forget about anniversaries. The new issue of PB opens with a diptych devoted to the 80th anniversary of our regular author Alexander Rappaport.

scholarly journals Time clustering of wave storms in the Mediterranean Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Besio ◽  
Riccardo Briganti ◽  
Alessandro Romano ◽  
Lorenzo Mentaschi ◽  
Paolo De Girolamo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
The North ◽  
Allan Factor ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. In this contribution we identify storm time clustering in the Mediterranean Sea through a comprehensive analysis of the Allan factor. This parameter is evaluated from a long time series of wave height provided by oceanographic buoy measurements and hindcast reanalysis of the whole basin, spanning the period 1979–2014 and characterized by a horizontal resolution of about 0.1° in longitude and latitude and a temporal sampling of 1 h Mentaschi et al. (2015). The nature of the processes highlighted by the AF and the spatial distribution of the parameter are both investigated. Results reveal that the Allan factor follows different curves at two distinct timescales. The range of timescales between 12 h to 50 days is characterized by a departure from the Poisson distribution. For timescales above 50 days, a cyclic Poisson process is identified. The spatial distribution of the Allan factor reveals that the clustering at smaller timescales is present to the north-west of the Mediterranean, while seasonality is observed across the whole basin. This analysis is believed to be important for assessing the local increased flood and coastal erosion risks due to storm clustering.

scholarly journals Nadia Hamza: The First Woman Film Director in Egypt

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
Lebanese American University
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Port Said ◽  
The City

Nadia Hamza's love for the cinema goes back to her childhood days when she used to live in the city of Port Said, on the Mediterranean Sea, North of Cairo.

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