Effects of Variations in Sodium Chloride Concentrations on the Biodegradation of Heptane by Alcaligenes species

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Adetitun ◽  
◽  
Comfort I. Adesanya
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Regeneration Rate ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Conventional mineral salts medium (MSM) had been used for many years. A modification of the concentration of sodium chloride was attempted in this work to observe the effect or otherwise on microbial activities in reaction tubes. This study was undertaken to assess the biodegradation potentials of Alcaligenes species on heptane. Results showed the hydrocarbon degrading ability of Alcaligenes sp. under varying concentrations of sodium chloride salt for a period of sixteen (16) days at two to four days interval. Due to its rapid rate of multiplication, a steady increase in bacterial growth was observed during the experiment. Alcaligenes sp. showed appreciable growth on heptane with a reading of 6.5x108cfu/ml on Day 16. Also, the regeneration rate of Alcaligenes sp. was found to be rapid on heptane in the presence of 4M concentration of NaCl with a reading of 1.18x109cfu/ ml on Day 16. This study shows that increased sodium chloride concentration aids the utilization of heptane by Alcaligenes sp. Hence, Alcaligenes sp. is a promising isolate that can be used for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites in saline environment.

Seasonal changes in sodium and chloride concentration of saltbush (Atriplex spp.) leaves as related to soil and plant water potential

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Sharma ◽  
J Tunny ◽  
DJ Tongway
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Plant Water Potential ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Sodium and chloride concentrations in mature leaves of two Atriplex species, A. nummularia and A. vesicaria, growing on two clay soils were monitored during June 1969 to June 1970. The corresponding soil water content (W-), osmotic potential (π) and matric potential (τ) of soil water, and relative leaf water content (w) were also evaluated. Both the sodium and chloride concentrations in leaves increased progressively with the corresponding decrease in W from September to December, reaching about twice their original values. From December on, sodium and chloride remained relatively stable until April when they started to decline progressively with a steady increase in W. Intermittent rains during summer changed W for short periods, but the leaf salinity remained unchanged. Irrespective of soil, A. nummularia leaves contained more sodium than A. vesicaria, while the reverse was true for chloride. Invariably leaf salinity was strongly correlated with W, τ and π but the correlation with w was significant only for A. vesicaria. Empirical equations fitted to indicate the relation of sodium and chloride to each of the variables and also to multiple regressions of (π τ) and (W, w) are given. Various factors which might be responsible for inducing seasonal variability in the leaf salinity are discussed. It appears that the higher salinity build-up in Atriplex during summer is not only due to increased electrolyte concentration in the growing medium and to high transpiration rates, but is also associated with drought tolerance by these plants.

scholarly journals SODIUM CHLORIDE (SALT) ITS ROLE AND USE IN ANCIENT IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Shaymaa Issam Alawi ALBALDAWI ◽  
Faten Hameed Qasim AL SARRAJI
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Chemical Technology ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia

Mineral Salts are One of the Most important Non-Metallic Chemicals that were widely available in ancient Iraq, and due to its many Uses in life Matters and for industrial purposes, it was Allocated in the Study of a Type of these Salts, which is Sodium Chloride salt (Table Salt), as there were Several Types, including: - Calcium Sulfate Sodium Silicate, Sodium Carbonate and Potassium Nitrate Because of the Importance of Sodium Chloride (salt) in Ancient Iraq and the lack of Studies that Dealt with it, we Chose it as a Subject for our Study, and we Relied on Many Arab, Translated and Foreign Sources, the most important of which are: -Levy, Martin, 1980 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology, translated by: Al-Mayahi and others, Dar Al-Rashid. - Potts ,D.,1987,'' ON Salt and salting gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia ''(JESHO), vol.27‎.

Salinity Damage to Norfolk Island Pines Caused by Surfactants. I. The Nature of the Problem and Effect of Potassium, Sodium and Chloride Concentration on Uptake by Roots

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Truman ◽  
MJ Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Potassium Sodium ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Araucaria Heterophylla ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

As part of an investigation into the deterioration of Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, on the coast of eastern Australia, seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in which sodium was substituted for potassium over the range 0.1 - 2.1 mM to give six treatments, each with four ratios of sulfate to chloride. Potassium was freely taken up and translocated to the shoots, the levels in the shoots being higher than those in the roots. However, the levels of potassium in both shoots and roots were significantly reduced in solutions in which sulfate predominated over chloride. Uptake and translocation of sodium was restricted, the ratio of sodium (shoots) to sodium (roots) being less than unity. The concentration of chloride in the shoots and roots generally increased with increasing solution chloride concentration but was significantly reduced at the lowest potassium-to-sodium ratio. In a second experiment the ratio of sodium to potassium was kept at 50:1, sodium and chloride in the solutions increasing from 2.5 to 460 mM and potassium from 0.05 to 9.2 mM. At the lower concentrations, uptake and translocation followed similar patterns to those found in the first experiment. However at solution concentrations of 20 mM sodium and above, levels of sodium in the shoots exceeded those of potassium and chloride. At sodium chloride concentrations of 260mM - 460mM, plants showed toxic symptoms with salt encrustations appearing on the stems. Analysis of the saturation extracts of soils taken from beneath affected seaside trees showed that the concentrations of sodium and chloride were not sufficiently high to account for the high levels of these elements found in the shoots of affected trees.

Growth and osmoregulation of Boekelovia hooglandii in relation to salinity

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Fujii ◽  
Johan A. Hellebust
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The growth and osmoregulation of Boekelovia hooglandii Nicolai et Baas Becking (Chrysophyceae) was investigated as a function of salinity. This chromophyte microflagellate was found to be euryhaline and also to require sodium for growth. The optimum sodium chloride concentration for growth was 0.2–0.4 M, and growth was severely inhibited in media with sodium chloride concentrations above 1 M. Using gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy analysis of cell extracts, it was established that the alga contains D-mannitol, myo-inositol, as well as the inositol derivative, cyclohexanetetrol. The content of cyclohexanetetrol and mannitol increased with increased salinity, while the content of inositol remained almost constant. Potassium and magnesium were the major intracellular cations. However, the content of cations and amino acids showed only minor increases with salinity over a wide salinity range. The contents of cyclohexanetetrol and mannitol increased rapidly when cells were subjected to hypertonic shocks. It was concluded that B. hooglandii utilizes cyclohexanetetrol and mannitol as osmoregulatory substances. Key words: Boekelovia hooglandii, chromophyte, cyclohexanetetrol, euryhaline, D-mannitol, myo-inositol, osmoregulation, salinity.

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Limulus Amebocyte Lysate

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R Schleef ◽  
Dianne M Kenney ◽  
David Shepro
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

SummaryConcentrations of sodium chloride up to 3 M increase the time necessary for the clot formation from Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) induced with endotoxin. Sodium chloride at a concentration of 4 M prevents clot formation by either precipitation or denaturation of procoagulase. The time necessary for the activation of procoagulase by endotoxin is increased by a change in the sodium chloride concentration from 0.15 M to 0.588 M. No effect on the proteolytic phase or the polymerization phase of the clotting reaction is detected by the increase in sodium chloride concentration from 0.15 M to 0.588 M. The authors conclude that increased sodium chloride concentrations may aid the isolation of procoagulase.

Effect of sodium chloride on growth and methane production of methanogens

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 893-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Patel ◽  
L. A. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Methanobacterium Thermoautotrophicum ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The effect of up to 263.7 mM sodium chloride on the growth and methane production by pure cultures of Methanospirillum hungatii GP1, Methanobacterium MOH, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, and an unidentified methanogen was studied. Growth and methane production by M. hungatii GP1 were not affected up to 97.3 mM NaCl but there was some inhibition of growth at higher concentrations. Growth of Methanobacterium MOH was independent of sodium chloride concentration within the range investigated. For the unidentified methanogen, optimum growth and methane production occurred at 15.2 mM NaCl, while growth of M. thermoautotrophicum was not affected by sodium chloride concentrations up to 15.2 mM. Concentrations over 15.2 mM were inhibitory to these two organisms. The 15 mM sodium chloride concentration used by some investigators appears suitable for isolation and cultivation of methanogens since all the organisms tested in this study exhibited good growth and methane production at this salt concentration.

scholarly journals Plant Response to Saline Substrates V. Chloride Regulation in the Individual Organs of Hordeum Vulgare During Treatment with Sodium Chloride

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Greenway ◽  
DA Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chloride Regulation ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

This is a study on the regulation of chloride concentrations in H. vulgare at the early tillering stage, when grown on media of high sodium chloride concentration. 36CI was used during certain periods to determine retranslocation.

Road Salt Application in Highland Creek Watershed, Toronto, Ontario - Chloride Mass Balance

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandana Perera ◽  
Bahram Gharabaghi ◽  
Peter Noehammer ◽  
Bruce Kilgour
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Road Salt ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Chloride Mass Balance ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Abstract Occurrence of increasing chloride concentrations in urban streams of cold climates, mainly due to road salt application, has raised concerns on its adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of processes associated with road salt application and subsequent discharge into the environment in order to develop management practices to minimize detrimental effects of chlorides. The chloride mass analysis for the Highland Creek watershed based on four years of hourly monitoring data indicates that approximately 60% of the chlorides applied on the watershed enter streams prior to subsequent salting period, 85% of which occurs during the period between November and March. Contribution of private de-icing operations on chloride mass input within Highland Creek watershed was estimated to be approximately 38%, indicating its significance in overall chloride mass balance. Salt application rates, as well as chloride output in the streams, vary spatially based on land use, influencing chloride concentrations in surface waters. The estimated groundwater chloride concentration of 275 mg/L indicates that some aquatic organisms in Highland Creek would potentially be at risk even outside the winter period under dry weather flow conditions.

Infiltration of de-icing road salts in aquifers: the Trois-Rivières-Ouest case, Quebec, Canada

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2186-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Locat ◽  
Pierre Gélinas
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Linear Source ◽  
Pumping Wells ◽  
Road Salts ◽  
Hydrogeological Investigation ◽  
Spring Snowmelt ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The results of an extensive hydrogeological investigation of the effects of de-icing road salts on Highway 55 near Trois-Rivières-Ouest indicate that a salt lens with chloride concentrations exceeding 800 mg/L exists below the highway. Maximum chloride concentration at the nearby pumping wells, not exceeding 140 mg/L, is reached only in late summer, whereas the maximum chloride infiltration follows the spring snowmelt. About 1 year's worth of road salts is retained in the unsaturated zone. The salt lens, in the upper part of the aquifer beneath the highway, has developed to a thickness of 8 m and a width of 400 m and constitutes a linear source of salts for the aquifer. The shape of this lens is distorted by the action of the pumping wells, and the lens is partly depleted by the end of the summer. Because of the particular characteristics of the aquifer at the site studied and the exploitation methods, no long-term threat to the water quality is foreseen.

TURBIDITY OF SUSPENSIONS AND MORPHOLOGY OF RED HALOPHILIC BACTERIA AS INFLUENCED BY SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinah Abram ◽  
N. E. Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall

The optical densities of suspensions of cells of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. halobium, or H. salinarium, grown in media containing 4.5 M sodium chloride, increase as the salt concentration of the suspending medium decreases, until a maximum is reached at about 2 M; below this concentration there is an abrupt decrease in optical density. The cells are rod shaped in 4.5 M salt and change, as the salt concentration decreases, through irregular transition forms to spheres; equal numbers of transition forms and spheres are present at the point of maximum turbidity, while spheres predominate at lower salt concentrations. Cells suspended in 3.0 M salt, although slightly swollen, are viable, but viability decreases rapidly with the more drastic changes in morphology at lower salt concentrations. Cells grown in the presence of iron are more resistant to morphological changes but follow the same sequence. Cells "fixed" with formaldehyde, at any point in the sequence, act as osmometers and do not rupture in distilled water although their volume increases 10–14 times. The results indicate that the red halophilic rods require a high sodium chloride content in their growth or suspending medium to maintain a rigid cell wall structure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document