scholarly journals Research made Easy: Answering Important Questions with Valid Designs

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Harman Chaudhry ◽  
Mohit Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Study Designs

ABSTRACT Clinical research fundamentally involves finding answers to questions. Next to asking important questions, determining what type of study design to use is arguably the most pivotal step for a researcher. In this article, we provide an overview of various clinical study designs, including case reports and series, case-control studies, observational cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. We aim to elucidate the utility, advantages and drawbacks of these study designs in order to assist researchers in selecting the most valid design for their research question. How to cite this article Chaudhry H, Bhandari M. Research made Easy: Answering Important Questions with Valid Designs. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(1):8-11

Types of trials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Randomized Controlled

This chapter describes types of trials as applied to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details and advantages and disadvantages of case reports, case series, cohort studies, case–control studies, randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

scholarly journals Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Study Designs: Examples of Applications for Allergy Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Simon F. Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Based Medicine

Evidence of the effect of clinical interventions in allergology, and in medicine as a whole, can be hierarchically grouped based on the research design producing the evidence. The most weight is given to systematic reviews and metaanalyses, and to randomised controlled trials. These trial designs are superior to non-randomised controlled trials and cohort studies, which in turn are superior to case-control studies. The least weight is given to case-studies and anecdotal evidence. Herein, the principles of evidence-based medicine and clinical study designs are reviewed in the context of examples from the allergology literature.

Abstract 12672: Post-Implantation Hematoma Increases Risk of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakrin Kewcharoen ◽  
Chanavuth Kanitsoraphan ◽  
Sittinun Thangjui ◽  
Thiratest Leesutipornchai ◽  
Leenhapong Navaravong
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Device Infection ◽  
Post Implantation

Introduction: Several studies have shown inconsistent relationship between post-implantation hematoma (PH) and cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effect of PH and the risk of CIED infection. Hypothesis: PH increases the risk of CIED infection. Methods: We searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to March 2020. Included studies were cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies and randomized controlled trials that reported incidence of PH and CIED infection during the follow-up period. CIED infection was defined as either a device-related local or systemic infection. Data from each study were combined using the random-effects, generic inverse variance method of Der Simonian and Laird to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Fourteen studies from 2006 to 2018 were included, involving a total of 28,319 participants. There were 6 cohort studies, 7 case-control studies and 1 randomized controlled trial. In random-effect model, we found that PH significantly increases the risk of overall CIED infection (OR = 6.30, 95%CI: 3.87-10.24, I2=49.3%) (Figure 1). There was no publication bias observed in the funnel plot as well as no small-study effect observed in Egger’s test. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis demonstrated that PH significantly increases the risk of CIED infection. Precaution should be taken to during device implantation to reduce PH and subsequent CIED infection.

Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Interventions ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Study Designs

This chapter presents study designs which can test and show causation. Cohort and intervention studies compare people exposed to an agent or intervention with those unexposed or less exposed. Case-control studies compare people affected by a disease or outcome with a control group of unaffected people or representing a total population. Surveys select a sample of people, not chosen by exposure or outcome. Cohort studies may be prospective or retrospective; case-control studies are retrospective; surveys are cross-sectional in time, but retrospective or prospective aspects can be added. In part two, strengths, weaknesses and applications of these designs are shown. Intervention trials, ideally randomised, are the prime method of assessing healthcare interventions; special types include crossover trials and community-based trials. Non-randomised trials are noted. The strengths and weaknesses of cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys are shown.

scholarly journals Study Design in Neurosurgical Research: Considerations for Observational and Experimental Cohort Studies

Neurosurgery ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Christopher E Louie ◽  
Erin D’Agostino ◽  
Alexander Woods ◽  
Timothy Ryken
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Study Designs

Abstract There is inadequate neurosurgical literature discussing appropriate clinical study design. Here, we explore considerations for 2 fundamental study designs of epidemiology: experimental and observational cohort studies, through examples of theoretical yet realistic neurosurgical research questions. By examining 2 common neurosurgical procedures—namely, subdural drains for evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma, and the utility of navigation for placing external ventricular drains—we characterize the framework of cohort study models for clinical research applications.

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