Chapter-52 Percutaneous Needle Stick Injury

Galleria mellonella larvae are increasingly used to study the mechanisms of virulence of microbial pathogens and to assess the efficacy of antimicrobials. The G. mellonella model can faithfully reproduce many aspects of microbial disease which are seen in mammals, and therefore allows a reduction in the use of mammals. The model is now being widely used by researchers in universities, research institutes and industry. An attraction of the model is the interaction between pathogen and host. Hemocytes are specialised phagocytic cells which resemble neutrophils in mammals and play a major role in the response of the larvae to infection. However, the detailed interactions of hemocytes with pathogens is poorly understood, and is complicated by the presence of different sub-populations of cells. We report here a method for the isolation of hemocytes from Galleria mellonella. A needle-stick injury of larvae, before harvesting, markedly increased the recovery of hemocytes in the hemolymph. The majority of the hemocytes recovered were granulocyte-like cells. The hemocytes survived for at least 7 days in culture at either 28°C or 37°C. Pre-treatment of larvae with antibiotics did not enhance the survival of the cultured hemocytes. Our studies highlight the importance of including sham injected, rather than un-injected, controls when the G. mellonella model is used to test antimicrobial compounds. Our method will now allow investigations of the interactions of microbial pathogens with insect hemocytes enhancing the value of G. mellonella as an alternative model to replace the use of mammals, and for studies on hemocyte biology.

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Prevalence of Needle Stick Injury among Surgeons

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i32b31747 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 89-94

Author(s):

Nasima Iqbal ◽

Faiza Quraishi ◽

Muhammad Aslam Bhatti ◽

Faizah Mughal ◽

Tayyaba Mumtaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reporting System ◽

Medical Center ◽

Working Hours ◽

Work Load ◽

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Needle Stick ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

Aim: To find out the prevalence of needle stick injury, its reporting system and the reasons behind it. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional Place and duration of study: Study was conducted at Jinnah post-graduate medical center (JPMC) Karachi during the period of March to September 2019 Methodology: A self-designed, self-explanatory questionnaire was used, consisting of two parts, the first part was about demographic information while second part is for information related to needle stick injury like probable cause, frequency, response after injury, post-exposure prophylaxis and about reporting of the incident. Questionnaire was validated by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha which was 0.78. data was analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: Majority of the study participants were female (67.2%) and about 50% were postgraduate students. Out of total 134 doctors about 64.2% of the doctors had needle stick injury during their career. Finding out the most probable cause of needle stick injury during the survey it was found out that increased work load and prolonged working hours were the main reasons. Majority of the cases occurred in emergency department (41.9%). About 95.5% of the doctors didn’t get any post-exposure prophylaxis. Majority of the participants (96.3%) did not report to any authority because of the lack of knowledge about the reporting policy, it was noted that about 38.8% were confused either the reporting system exist or not. Most of the injuries occur during the procedure of suturing followed by recapping syringes. Conclusion: It has been concluded that majority of the doctors had faced needle stick injury during their career and a very negligible number of them got any post-exposure prophylaxis. Majority of them did not report to any authority. So there is a need of implication of safety measures and reporting policies for early detection and treatment of infections after needle stick injury.

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Manajemen Resiko Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja Asuhan Keperawatan di IGD

10.31227/osf.io/yps4x ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Dewi Kurniati

Keyword(s):

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Needle Stick ◽

National Safety Council

Undang-undang No.44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit pasal 7 ayat 1, bahwa salah satu persyaratan Rumah Sakit adalah harus memenuhi unsur keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Laporan National Safety Council (NSC) tahun 1988 menunjukkan terjadinya kecelakaan di RS 41% lebih besar dari pekerja di industri lain. Kasus yang sering terjadi di antaranya tertusuk jarum atau needle stick injury (NSI), terkilir, sakit pinggang, tergores/terpotong, luka bakar, penyakit dan infeksi. Salah satu upaya pencegahan terjadinya kecelakaan kerja adalah dengan melakukan analisis risiko. membuat job hazard analisis, kemudian dilakukan analisis risiko dengan pendekatan AS/NZS 4360: 2004 dan menilai dengan tabel W.T.Fine. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa faktor bahaya di instalasi gawat darurat terdiri dari bahaya fisik, biologi, ergonomi, perilaku, dan psikologis. Faktor bahaya fisik merupakan yang dominan yaitu jarum suntik (benda tajam) yang berdampak luka tusuk dan tertular penyakit menular dari pasien. Nilai risiko tertinggi bahaya fisik dan biologi pada proses pekerjaan pemasangan infus pada pasien sebesar 150 (tinggi) mengharuskan adanya perbaikan secara teknis. Nilai risiko ini didapatkan apabila telah melakukan rekomendasi pengendalian dari peneliti.

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Nursing Student’s Knowledge about Understanding and Prevention of Needle Stick Injury

Croatian Nursing Journal ◽

10.24141/2/4/1/6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Sanja Ledinski Fičko ◽

Janko Babić ◽

Biljana Kurtović ◽

Martina Smrekar ◽

Ana Marija Hošnjak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nursing Students ◽

Secondary Schools ◽

Safety Issue ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Needle Stick ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

The University

Introduction. Needle stick injury (NSI) is an occupational health and safety issue. Nursing students are prone to NSI due to lack of experience with handling needles and sharps. Aim. To determine the level of knowledge about the prevention of NSI and examine the level of knowledge about the post-exposure procedure and the students’ understanding of NSI. Methods. The study was conducted in 2017 at the University of Applied Health Sciences in Zagreb. The participants were nursing students from all regions of Croatia. The data was collected using a questionnaire containing 17 questions specifically designed for this study. One question had three subquestions and one had five subquestions regarding the knowledge of how to react if a needle stick injury occurs. The participants also responded to a questionnaire on their socio-demographic data. Results. The study included 149 students. The results show that 16 students have experienced NSI. A statistically significant difference was observed among students who have finished a secondary medical school in the answers about post-NSI interventions and in answers to the question of whether the needle should be recapped. The respondents from medical schools answered correctly. A statistically significant difference was observed among students from non-medical secondary schools in the answers about education on post-exposition procedures and in the answers about necessary action following a needle stick injury. The respondents from non-medical secondary schools had higher scores. Conclusion. The results of this study can be used to establish appropriate education strategies, increase the awareness of needle stick injuries and minimize the occurrence of these injuries among nursing students in Croatia.

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Universal Work Precautions and Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV following Needle Stick Injury

Manual on Tuberculosis, HIV and Lung Diseases: A Practical Approach ◽

10.5005/jp/books/10488_27 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 336-336

Author(s):

Alok Vashishtha ◽

BB Rewari

Keyword(s):

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Needle Stick ◽

Post Exposure ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

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Blood-Borne Viruses

Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0034 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

C. Y. William Tong ◽

Mark Hopkins

Keyword(s):

Body Fluid ◽

Healthcare Setting ◽

Needle Stick Injury ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Lassa Virus ◽

Haemorrhagic Fever ◽

Needle Stick ◽

Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽

Human T Cell ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Blood- borne viruses (BBVs) are viral infections transmitted by blood or body fluid. In practice, any viral infection that achieves a high viral load in blood or body fluid can be transmitted through exposure to infected biological materials. In western countries, the most significant BBVs are human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV1 and HIV2), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Other viruses that can be transmitted by blood and body fluid include human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV1 and HTLV2), cytomegalovirus, West Nile virus and viruses responsible for viral haemorrhagic fever such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. BBVs are transmitted via exposure to blood and body fluid. Some examples of routes of transmission include: ● Sharing needles in people who inject drugs (PWID); ● Medical re-use of contaminated instruments (common in resource poor settings); ● Sharps injuries in healthcare setting, including in laboratories (less commonly through mucosal exposure); ● Transfusion of blood contaminated with BBVs (failure to screen blood donors); ● Transplantation of organs from BBV-infected donors; ● Sexual exposure to BBV-infected body fluid; and ● Exposure to maternal BBV infection: intrauterine, perinatally, or postnatally. If exposure to a BBV is via a needle stick injury in a healthcare setting, immediate first aid needs to be carried out by gently encouraging bleeding and washing the exposed area with soap and water. Prompt reporting of the incident is required so that an assessment can be done as soon as possible to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is required. The decision may be aided by urgent assessment of source patient infection status. The British Medical Association has issued guidance for testing adults who lack the capacity to consent. In the case of a sexual exposure to a BBV, immediate consultation to a genito-urinary medicine (GUM) clinic is warranted. The risk of transmission of BBVs associated with exposure depends on the nature of the exposure and the body fluid involved. The following factors are important in needle stick injuries: ● Deep percutaneous injury. ● Freshly used sharps. ● Visible blood on sharps.

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