The Consolidated Medium-Term Income and Expenditure Framework

Policy Papers ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2016) ◽  
Author(s):  

The medium-term income projections have been updated from the April 2015 outlook and the February review of the adequacy of precautionary balances. The main changes to the outlook stem from a more gradual rise in the SDR interest rates and lower surcharge income following the lowering of the surcharges threshold. The revised projections still show a positive forecast for net operational income (and surcharges) over the medium term, albeit lower than projected a year ago. Lending income (excluding surcharges) is marginally higher compared with earlier estimates. Surcharge income is estimated to be lower, reflecting the adjustment of the surcharges thresholds following the implementation of quota increases under the 14th General Review. Projected income from the Fixed-Income Subaccount of the Investment Account and interest-free resources are expected to increase more gradually over the medium-term as market indicators now point to a slower rise in interest rates from their current low levels. The expenditure path includes an increase in real terms of about ½ percent in the net administrative budget for FY 2017 to accommodate rising costs for physical and IT security. Moreover, reflecting further upward pressure over the medium term and uncertainty about the scope for offsetting savings, the traditional baseline assumption of a constant real spending envelope in the outer years is complemented by an alternative scenario with a further moderate spending increase of 1½ percent, phased in over FY 2018–19. In addition, a lower projected U.S. dollar/SDR exchange rate increases the expenses in SDR terms.

1989 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 7-25

On this occasion we have adopted a rather different format for this chapter from the customary one. Part One begins with an analysis of some of the most important developments of the past few years, with notes on the deterioration in the balance of payments, on the fall in the savings ratio and on the acceleration of inflation. Next we discuss some of the problems associated with economic forecasting. We analyse the errors made last year and compare them with the error margins normally associated with short-term forecasts of this kind. We look at the behaviour of the economy at the corresponding stage of previous economic cycles. And we consider the best way of forecasting GDP when there are discrepancies between the measures of its growth in the past. Our central forecasts for 1989 and 1990 are described briefly in the text of Part Two, and more fully set out in the usual tables. We end in Part Three with a discussion of alternative scenarios for the medium term, with particular reference to their implications for interest rates and the exchange rate. An appendix describes the regional pattern of unemployment and the way it has changed since the early 1980s.


Significance Emefiele has vowed that the CBN will significantly increase financial inclusion, recapitalise banks and help the economy achieve double-digit growth over his second term. However, the significant amount of CBN bills in circulation, a key but costly component of the Bank’s recent exchange rate strategy, poses serious medium-term risks. Impacts The CBN's continued focus on exchange rate stability leaves limited space for reducing interest rates over the short term. Effective foreign currency yields of over 10% are appealing for portfolio investors, but a sudden naira slide would prompt major losses. Significant divestment by foreign portfolio investors may make the CBN resort to temporary capital controls to limit damage to the naira.


Policy Papers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (61) ◽  
Author(s):  

The medium-term income projections have been updated since the last estimate provided to the Executive Board in April 2014. The main changes to the outlook stem from a lower path for credit outstanding and expectations for a more gradual rise in interest rates. The revised projections show lower levels of net operational income over the coming years. Lending income is lower compared with earlier estimates as a result of lower credit levels, including the advance repurchases by Ireland and Portugal. Non-lending income is also projected to be lower reflecting a further downward shift in SDR interest rates and, thus, returns on investments and interest-free resources. The updated expenditure path assumes the net administrative budget remains constant in real terms at the FY 2012 level. The long-run projections indicate a broad balance between income and expenditures, assuming that interest rates rise to 3.5 percent and with lending returning to pre-crisis levels. The pace of reserve accumulation is expected to slow, reflecting the decline in Fund credit, and precautionary balances are now projected to remain slightly below the projected target of SDR 20 billion over the medium term compared with the earlier estimates.


Author(s):  
А.С. Бутузова

В условиях современной денежно-кредитной политики в Российской Федерации актуальным является вопрос воздействия ослабления национальной валюты на уровень цен в стране (т.е. эффект переноса валютного курса на инфляцию). События в денежно-кредитной сфере конца 2014 г. продолжают оказывать среднесрочный эффект как на финансовые, так и на макроэкономические показатели РФ. Пруденциальная макроэкономическая и денежно-кредитная политика должна учитывать влияние волатильности национальной валюты и уровня инфляции на основные макроэкономические показатели, такие как валовой внутренний продукт, уровень процентных ставок в экономике и реальный доход на душу населения. Цель работы: оценка влияния динамики валютного курса на уровень инфляции и другие основные макроэкономические показатели в РФ (в краткосрочном и среднесрочном периодах как результат перехода к плавающему валютному курсу). В процессе изучения опыта проведения денежно-кредитной политики в РФ использовались методы анализа, в том числе ретроспективного, и синтеза; сбор, консолидация и анализ статистических данных; построение многопеременных графиков и диаграмм. В ходе исследования выявлено влияние валютного курса рубля на инфляцию и другие основные макроэкономические показатели в РФ; оценен эффект переноса валютного курса на инфляцию на различных временных интервалах. Сделан вывод о том, что эффект переноса валютного курса на инфляцию в рассмотренный период нельзя определить однозначно: так, в краткосрочном периоде эффект переноса высок, а в среднесрочном периоде на фоне низкой инфляции и относительно невысокой волатильности курса рубля происходит падение реальных доходов населения и рост реальных процентных ставок в экономике. In the conditions of modern monetary policy in the Russian Federation, the issue of the impact of the weakening of the national currency on the inflation is relevant. The events in the monetary policy at the end of 2014 continue to have a medium-term effect on both financial indicators and macroeconomic indicators of the Russia. The impact of the exchange rate and inflation on a country's GDP, the level of real interest rates and standard of living of the population are important for building prudential macroeconomic and monetary policies. Assessment of the impact of exchange rate dynamics on the main macroeconomic indicators in the Russian Federation (short-term and medium-term results after the transition to a floating exchange rate). Methods of analysis, synthesis and retrospective analysis were used in the process of studying the experience of conducting monetary policy in the Russian Federation; collection, consolidation and analysis of statistical data; construction of multi-variable graphs and charts. The influence of the ruble exchange rate on the main macroeconomic indicators in the Russian Federation has been revealed; the effect of exchange rate carryover on inflation at various time intervals is estimated. It was concluded that the medium-term results of the transition to exchange rate policy are ambiguous: against the background of low inflation and low volatility of the ruble exchange rate, there is a drop in real incomes of the population and a rise in real interest rates in the economy. The significant effect of the transfer of the exchange rate to inflation in the period 2014-2019 not identified.


2017 ◽  
pp. 38-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pestova

This paper analyzes the basic parameters of monetary policy in 2000-2015 in Russia. We provide the overview of tools and objectives of monetary policy of the Bank of Russia and identify the periods of homogeneity of monetary policy regimes: from money base targeting to exchange rate targeting and finally, to interest rates policy. On the basis of this research we develop the recommendations for further quantitative research aimed at estimation of monetary policy effects in Russia.


Author(s):  
Sebastián Fanelli ◽  
Ludwig Straub

Abstract We study a real small open economy with two key ingredients (1) partial segmentation of home and foreign bond markets and (2) a pecuniary externality that makes the real exchange rate excessively volatile in response to capital flows. Partial segmentation implies that, by intervening in the bond markets, the central bank can affect the exchange rate and the spread between home- and foreign-bond yields. Such interventions allow the central bank to address the pecuniary externality, but they are also costly, as foreigners make carry trade profits. We analytically characterize the optimal intervention policy that solves this trade-off: (1) the optimal policy leans against the wind, stabilizing the exchange rate; (2) it involves smooth spreads but allows exchange rates to jump; (3) it partly relies on “forward guidance,” with non-zero interventions even after the shock has subsided; (4) it requires credibility, in that central banks do not intervene without commitment. Finally, we shed light on the global consequences of widespread interventions, using a multi-country extension of our model. We find that, left to themselves, countries over-accumulate reserves, reducing welfare and leading to inefficiently low world interest rates.


Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Lorna Katusiime

This paper examines the effects of macroeconomic policy and regulatory environment on mobile money usage. Specifically, we develop an autoregressive distributed lag model to investigate the effect of key macroeconomic variables and mobile money tax on mobile money usage in Uganda. Using monthly data spanning the period March 2009 to September 2020, we find that in the short run, mobile money usage is positively affected by inflation while financial innovation, exchange rate, interest rates and mobile money tax negatively affect mobile money usage in Uganda. In the long run, mobile money usage is positively affected by economic activity, inflation and the COVID-19 pandemic crisis while mobile money customer balances, interest rate, exchange rate, financial innovation and mobile money tax negatively affect mobile money usage.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suriani Suriani ◽  
M. Shabri Abd. Majid ◽  
Raja Masbar ◽  
Nazaruddin A. Wahid ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the role of sukuk in the monetary policy transmission mechanism through the asset price and exchange rate channels in the Indonesian economy. Design/methodology/approach Using the monthly data from January 2003 to November 2017, this study uses a multivariate vector error correction model causality framework. To examine the role of sukuk in the monetary policy transmission mechanism through the asset price channel, this study uses the variables of consumption, inflation, interest rates, economic growth and the composite stock price index. Meanwhile, to examine the role of sukuk in the monetary policy transmission mechanism through the exchange rate channel, this study used variables of inflation, interest rates, economic growth, foreign investment and exchange rate. Findings This study documented that sukuk has no causal relationship with inflation through asset price and exchange rate channels. Nevertheless, sukuk has a bidirectional causal relationship with economic growth through asset price and exchange rate channels. Sukuk is also documented to have a causal relationship with monetary policy variables of interest rate and stock prices through asset price and exchange rate channels. Finally, a unidirectional causality is recorded running from the exchange rate to sukuk in the exchange rate channel. Research limitations/implications The finding of independence of the sukuk market from interest rates provides evidence that the trading of the sukuk in Indonesia has been in harmony with the Islamic tenets. Practical implications The relevant Indonesian authorities need to enhance both domestic and global sukuk markets as part of efforts to promote the sustainability of Islamic capital market development in Indonesia. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first attempts to empirically investigate the role of sukuk in monetary policy transmission through asset price and exchange rate channels in the context of the Indonesian economy.


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