scholarly journals Fair Taxation in the Middle East and North Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Mansour ◽  
Pritha Mitra ◽  
Carlo Sdralevich ◽  
Andrew Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Tax Systems

Fairness – and what governments can do about it – is at the forefront of economic and social debate all over the world. In MENA, this has been at the core of recent political transitions but has not been adequately addressed. This SDN explores how tax systems – a critical interface between the state and citizens – can play a role in meeting demands for greater economic fairness in MENA countries. The SDN finds that for countries with well-established non-hydrocarbon tax systems (mostly oil importers) reforms should focus on simplifying tax structures and introducing more progressivity of personal income taxes, broadening tax bases, and better designing and enforcing property taxes. Tax administration should be more efficient and user-friendly while simplifying tax regimes will reduce the scope for arbitrary implementation. MENA countries with less established non-hydrocarbon revenue systems can begin with a “starter pack” that includes introduction of low-rate value-added and corporate income taxes, excises, and property taxes while building up administrative capacity and taxation expertise together with plans for introducing a personal income tax. Across the region, effective communication, transparency, and constructive dialogue between the State and citizens are critical to the success of reforms.

Tax Systems, Economic Development, and Good Governance

2016 ◽  
pp. 156-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savaş Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Tax Ratios ◽  
Tax Structures

The chapter examines tax structure and its relation to good governance and economic development in the MENA countries. First, it discusses how different tax systems and tax structures in the region compared with other countries. MENA region can be characterized with low level of tax-to-GDP ratio compared to other groups of countries. However, tax systems considerably diverge within the region. Most importantly, whether having hydrocarbon revenues meaningfully divides the region's countries with respect to tax composition, tax levels, tax ratios and tax regimes. Literature suggests that natural resource revenue is also an important determinant of governance and institutional development that have impact on economic development, while good governance, a more legitimate and responsive state is an essential factor for a more adequate level of tax effort. Therefore, the second section of the study examines the relationships between taxation and good governance with emphasis on the MENA region.

Raising Revenue and Raising Hell

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-234
Author(s):  
Christopher Capozzola
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Estate Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Trust Company ◽  
Treasury Department

It was a time of greenbacks, goldbugs, and grangers; milquetoast mugwumps; single-taxers, socialists, standpatters, and the Sugar Trust. Calls for more taxes filled the air. Populist Mary Lease urged Americans to “raise less corn and more hell,” and even Andrew Carnegie piously endorsed an estate tax “by which the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.” All that hell-raising pushed an income tax through Congress in 1894, but a year later, the Supreme Court granted relief to Charles Pollock, a ten-share stockholder in the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, leaving Justice Henry Brown to moan in dissent that “the decision involve[d] nothing less than the surrender of the taxing power to the moneyed class.” The Populist Party demanded that “[t]he power of government—in other words, of the people—should be expanded … to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually cease in the land.” By the summer of 1914, oppression, injustice, and poverty were still around, but the Constitution had a Sixteenth Amendment, and the power to collect corporate excise and personal income taxes rested in the hands of the Treasury Department. But still, with all that hell-raising, I wouldn't wanted to work there.

scholarly journals The impacts of in-state procurement preference policies on the economy of South Carolina

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Abutabenjeh ◽  
Stephen Gordon ◽  
Berhanu Mengistu
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gross State Product ◽  
State Preference ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to answer the question: What are the impacts of implementing in-state procurement preference policies on the economy of the state of South Carolina? Design/methodology/approach Toevaluate the impacts, the following six economic indicators were analyzed: jobs, personal income, real disposable income, output (sales), gross state product and value added. The data were collected from the South Carolina Procurement Services Office and were then analyzed using the Regional Economic Model Policy Insight (REMI PI+) for economic forecasting and policy analysis. The results from the REMI PI+ showed that implementing in-state preference policies benefitted the state and its communities economically. Findings Specifically, from 2010 until 2017, the total economic impact of implementing preference policies generated $17m in total output, 135 total job-years, $10.22m in gross state product (GSP), $10.27m in value added, $7.52m in income and $5.14m in real disposable personal income. The impact on the wholesale trade industry was over $5m in total industry output and approximately 27 jobs-years. In the manufacturing sector, the total impact was over $4m in output and approximately 17 jobs-years. The impact on the construction industry was approximately $3m in output and approximately 30 jobs-years. Although the values of these economic indicators were very small compared to the size of the state economy, they did outweigh the direct cost of implementing preference policies, thus demonstrating that overall the in-state preference policies contributed to South Carolina’s economy. However, further research is warranted to identify more precisely the benefits and costs of implementing preference policies.

MODERN TRENDS OF INCREASING THE INCOME BASE OF REGIONAL BUDGETS IN THE CONDITIONS OF AN UNSTABLE ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Nina Ilinishna MALIS ◽  
◽  
Larisa Petrovna GRUNDEL ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Regional Budgets

The difficult economic situation in Russia, associated with both the coronavirus epidemic and the decline in world energy prices, had an extremely negative impact on the state of the revenue base of budgets of all levels, but the budgets of the subjects of the federation found themselves in the most difficult situation due to the fall in tax bases for budget-forming taxes – income tax, property taxes and taxes under special tax regimes. In this situation, the search for ways to increase tax collection is extremely important. It seems that there is a need to change the approach to taxation of income and property of individuals and to tighten control over tax collection.

“Taxing for Growth” vs. “Taxing for Equality”—Using Human Rights to Combat Gender Inequalities, Poverty, and Income Inequalities in Fiscal Laws

2019 ◽  
pp. 429-448
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Lahey
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
Substantive Equality ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Female Headed Households

This chapter highlights the inadequacy of current measures to mitigate the regressive impacts of value-added tax (VAT), particularly on women as individuals, female-headed households, and female-owned businesses. It argues that the text of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the CEDAW Committee’s jurisprudence, and the Beijing Platform all mandate the use of more progressive tax strategies, such as graduated personal income taxes and broader VAT exemptions to cover all basic needs, as well as gender-impact analysis of taxation and correction of discriminatory policies. In short, CEDAW and the Beijing Platform form a comprehensive global implementation framework designed to actively secure both formal and substantive equality in all laws, policies, and practices in all member countries, as well as in regional and global governance organizations.

scholarly journals ON THE EXPEDIENCY OF GRANTING TAX EXEMPTIONS IN THE SPHERE OF SETTLEMENTS IMPROVEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-325
Author(s):  
Olena Syniavska ◽  
Olga Pokataieva ◽  
Pavlo Pokataiev
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Corporate Profit ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Cis Countries

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the procedure of provision of economic incentives in the sphere of settlements improvement in the context of elements of development, in particular, the provision of tax privileges. Methodology. The survey is based on the analysis of the elaboration of the regulatory framework in the CIS countries regarding the application of tax privileges to economic entities that take an active part in the sphere of settlements improvement in terms of elements of development. The norms, which provide tax incentives in the Tax Codes of the Republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine, are considered. Provided proposals for the improvement of the tax legislation of these countries in the direction of application of tax incentives to natural and legal persons are based on the statement of the need to enhance the ecological component of a settlement, maintain its aesthetic appearance, create comfortable conditions for people living in it. Results. In the course of the investigation of the state policy on waste management in the CIS countries and analysing the modern legal and regulatory framework towards the provision of tax incentives to economic entities, which operate in the sphere of waste management, or towards natural persons, who acts in a private procedure, the necessity to grant them benefits on corporate profit tax, value-added tax, personal income tax, land fees is substantiated. Studying the state and regional policy on planting of greenery on the territory of settlements as an element of improvement, it is justified the necessity to grant tax privileges to enterprises, institutions, organizations, which take an active part in the process of planting by virtue of corporate profit tax, and to allow the use of special tax regimes for the enterprises the main activity of which is cultivation and realization of ornamental plants. It is proposed to consider the possibility to relive economic entities belonging to representatives of small business from payment of property tax for small outdoor amenities. Practical implications. The presented proposals for granting tax exemptions to economic entities that take an active part in the improvement of settlements will contribute to increase of motivation for the promotion of waste sorting, the manufacture of containers, garbage trucks, facilities of waste sorting plants; the intensification of activities on waste recycling and manufacture of products made of secondary raw materials; planting of greenery on the territory of settlements, which will contribute to betterment of the appearance of the settlements, creation of favourable, comfortable conditions for the population, improvement of the ecological situation. Value/originality. The article gives action-oriented proposals to bring modifications to the Tax Codes of the CIS countries towards the simulation of natural and legal persons to invest funds in sanitary clean-up of the territory from domestic waste for the implementation of rational waste management and for actions aimed at waste collecting.

scholarly journals Tax policy in the system of post COVID-19 anti-crisis measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Shavshukov ◽  
Natalia Zhuravleva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Policy Direction

Research Background: Tax policy and reforms are the means to overcome the COVID-19 crisis, contributing to economic growth. The study is based on an analysis of tax regimes before the pandemic. Purpose of the article: Purpose of the article is to develop instruments of tax regulation in anti-crisis tax policy. Methods: The analysis employs macroeconomic indicators from the IMF, and WB databases. The comparative analysis of countries in terms of Total Tax and Contribution Rate (TTCR), Labour Tax TTCR, other taxes TTCR has been conducted on the basis of WB/PWC tax ranking methodology. The paper presents a classification of tax systems according to six rankings, and suggests tax policy modifications. Findings & Value added: The main directions of tax policy reform are: 1) The tax system should maintain its progressive character while increasing social equity, a new quality of economic growth and life. 2) Income taxation is less conducive to economic growth than consumption taxation. The study suggests differentiation in tax policies for developed and developing countries. 3) The choice between a flat and a progressive personal income tax scale should be made on the bases of the thorough analysis of the tax systems of countries leading in the quality of life. Their regimes can serve as a benchmark. 4) The taxation of interest, dividends and capital gains under dual treatment is a promising tax policy direction. 5) Reforming the CIT on the basis of differentiated rental income would allow for part of the income to costs and part to profits.

The Impact of Taxes on Growth and Distribution in Developed Capitalist Countries: A Cross-National Study

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio J. Katz ◽  
Vincent A. Mahler ◽  
Michael G. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
National Study ◽  
Corporate Income Taxes ◽  
Cross National Study ◽  
Investment Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Has the scope of public planning in contemporary capitalist economies promoted or hindered economic growth and income distribution? We explore this question by assessing the impact of various mechanisms for raising government revenues on investment, growth, and income distribution in 22 developed market economy countries. The article considers whether growth and distribution are affected differently by governments' relative reliance on personal and corporate income taxes, social security contributions, property taxes, and sales and value added taxes, or by the relative progressivity of tax mechanisms. Our findings lend support to the assertion that fiscal instruments (especially personal income taxes) can be used successfully to achieve greater income equality. On the other hand, these findings run counter to the conventional notion that an automatic trade-off exists between an active public sector and a dynamic, expanding economy: although there is surely some tension between the economic goals of growth and equality, it is not at all clear that they are necessarily incompatible or that government can contribute only to the latter.

scholarly journals The Impact of Taxation on Economic Growth: Case Study of OECD Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Macek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Corporate Taxation ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of individual types of taxes on the economic growth by utilizing regression analysis on the OECD countries for the period of 2000–2011. The impact of taxation is integrated into growth models by its impact on the individual growth variables, which are capital accumulation and investment, human capital and technology. The analysis in this paper is based on extended neoclassical growth model of Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992), and for the verification of relation between taxation and economic growth the panel regression method is used. The taxation rate itself is not approximated only by traditional tax quota, which is characteristic by many insufficiencies, but also by the alternative World Tax Index which combines hard and soft data. It is evident from the results of both analyses that corporate taxation followed by personal income taxes and social security contribution are the most harmful for economic growth. Concurrently, in case of the value added tax approximated by tax quota, the negative impact on economic growth was not confirmed, from which it can be concluded that tax quota, in this case as the indicator of taxation, fails. When utilizing World Tax Index, a negative relation between these two variables was confirmed, however, it was the least quantifiable. The impact of property taxes was statistically insignificant. Based on the analysis results it is evident that in effort to stimulate economic growth in OECD countries, economic-politic authorities should lower the corporate taxation and personal income taxes, and the loss of income tax revenues should be compensated by the growth of indirect tax revenues.

SPECIAL TAX REGIMES: PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Kh. R. AKHMEDILOVA ◽  
◽  
M. G. ALIMIRZOEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
The State ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article examines the theoretical foundations of special tax regimes, analyzes the income from tax payments of small businesses, and examines the advantages and disadvantages of tax systems of special tax regimes. The article considers measures to support small businesses that the state takes in the context of a coronavirus pandemic.

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