scholarly journals Hoeveel dialecten werden er gesproken in negentiende-eeuws Amsterdam?

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-79
Author(s):  
Nicoline van der Sijs
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Dock Workers

Abstract How many dialects were spoken in nineteenth-century Amsterdam? In his Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon (1874) Johan Winkler stated, after consultation with Jan ter Gouw, that in 19th-century Amsterdam 19 different dialects could be distinguished. This article investigates whether it is possible to find evidence for this assertion in the surviving language material. For this purpose all language phenomena mentioned in 57 sources up till the mid-twentieth century have been put into a database, with information on the neighbourhood where they were used, and other metadata. The resulting database contains 9000 language phenomena of which around 4000 could be linked to a specific neighbourhood. From this it appeared that the number of 19 dialects mentioned by Winkler and Ter Gouw is an exaggeration: on the basis of the available linguistic information, we can only distinguish 5 of the 19 dialects mentioned by them. Next to these, however, we can distinguish a dialect not mentioned by Winkler and Ter Gouw, that of the higher classes (spoken along the Herengracht and Keizersgracht), and 5 sociolects or technical jargons: the Bargoens of thieves and tramps, the jargons of diamond workers, dock-workers, street musicians and players of bingo. Around 1900 the variation is reduced and the dialects gradually merged into a more or less uniform Amsterdam city dialect, due to mobility of labour.

scholarly journals The worldwide impact of Donati's comet on art and society in the mid-19th century

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 340-345
Author(s):  
Antonella Gasperini ◽  
Daniele Galli ◽  
Laura Nenzi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Children's Books ◽  
Children’S Books ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Popular Magazines ◽  
Art And Society

AbstractDonati's comet was one of the most spectacular astronomical events of the nineteenth century. Its extended sword-like tail was a spectacular sight that inspired several literary and artistic representations. Traces of Donati's comet are found in popular magazines, children's books, collection cards, and household objects through the beginning of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Les cartes de l'Afrique au XIXe siècle et Joseph Conrad: perceptions d'une révolution cartographique (Maps of Africa in the 19th century and Joseph Conrad: Perceptions of a Cartographic Revolution)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Avila
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Heart Of Darkness ◽  
Complete Revolution ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century

La communication proposée aura pour but de s’interroger sur la notion de « carte mentale ». Qu’est-ce qu’une carte mentale ? Comment se construit-elle ? Comment et pourquoi faire des recherches sur les cartes mentales? Cette réflexion théorique sera accompagnée d’une étude sur les représentations cartographiques de l’empire britannique au tournant du vingtième siècle. Comment retrouver les cartes mentales de l’empire britannique au moment de son apogée à partir des discours des géographes et des cartes présentes dans les atlas, les manuels scolaires et les revues des sociétés de géographie? Tout d’abord, ces cartes présentent un empire relié au monde grâce à de nombreux liens de communication. C’est un empire qui est compris comme un véritable résumé du monde. Les cartes affirment aussi la puissance symbolique d’un empire associé à la couleur rouge, couleur qui confère une certaine homogénéité à cette construction impériale et qui suggère ainsi une identité impériale. Cependant, si de nombreuses cartes construisent l’image d’un empire unifié, certaines laissent entrevoir la diversité des statuts des différents territoires qui en font partie. D’autres encore tentent de représenter, aux côtés de l’empire formel en rouge, un empire informel commercial, c’est-à-dire la partie invisible de l’iceberg. Enfin, la plupart des cartes de l’empire britannique utilisent la projection de Mercator. Quelle image de l’empire est transmise par cette projection et quelles sont les tentatives entreprises par les géographes du début du vingtième siècle pour changer cette image? L’analyse de ces variations autour des portraits cartographiques de l’empire britannique permettra ainsi de voir comment les cartes influencent la perception d’un espace dont les territoires sont éparpillés sur les cinq continents. Cette étude conduira enfin à considérer les cartes comme des « lieux de mémoire », comme des images qui contribuent à inscrire des territoires dans les mémoires.At the end of the nineteenth century, the maps of Africa underwent a complete revolution. The blanks that they used to show were covered in a few years by the colours of the European powers colonizing the continent. The aim of this article is to study the perception of that cartographic revolution by mapreaders at the time, including one of the most famous: Joseph Conrad. In his work Heart of Darkness, published in 1899, at the close of a century of geographical progress, he dealt both with the blanks on the maps of Africa and the European colours that replaced them. His fascination for maps led him to create a very powerful literary map of Africa where the rainbow colours of the Europeans are surrounded by darkness. That oxymoronic image enables him not only to symbolically reflect a consciousness of space but also of time, summarizing the proud certainties of the imperialism and nationalism of European powers with their colours and announcing the uncertainties and the darkness of the first half of the twentieth century. Ultimately, this article aims at showing that it is necessary to replace the literary work of Joseph Conrad in its historical context in order to understand how much his inspiration was linked both to his own experience and to a zeitgeist shared by his contemporaries. 

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Modern Theatrical Technicalities in The Glass Menagerie and The Cherry Orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-204
Author(s):  
Shokhan Rasool Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Anton Chekhov ◽  
Cherry Orchard ◽  
Glass Menagerie ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Indirect Action ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Glass Menagerie

The nineteenth Century produced some of the most complex plays that today represent modern theatrical technicalities that differed in several ways from twentieth Century plays. In the twentieth Century, Tennessee Williams was acknowledged for the diversity of genres he covered in his plays, most of which focused on the dark aspects of human experience, which lent significant technicalities to his plays, most notably, The Glass Menagerie. Similarly, Anton Chekhov is a nineteenth Century playwright who developed plays that introduced several theatrical technicalities. He was renowned for portraying realism, a feature that characterised 19th Century theatre. Chekhov’s The Cherry Orchard is a play considered the landmark of modern theatrical technicalities. This study explores three ways in which Williams and Chekhov made The Glass Menagerie and Cherry Orchard respectively as landmarks of theatrical technicalities, i.e., the multiplicity of genres, effective use of indirect action and irony as theatrical conventions, and the integration and portrayal of nineteenth Century and twentieth Century realism. The research finds that while Williams employs a multiplicity of genres and the use of irony as the ideal theatrical conventions, Chekhov integrates all three elements to create modern theatrical technicalities that not only influence the audience's perception of the characters but also the playwright’s intention. This study is important for both undergraduate and postgraduate readers as it can enrich a reader’s thinking about different theatrical techniques and conventions used in both plays.

Interpretations of Dante’s Esotericism in the Italian and French Studies in the Middle of the Nineteenth and the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
Medovarov M.V. Medovarov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Western Esotericism ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Continuous Chain

This article has a historiographic and methodological nature and is devoted to the problematic interpretations of the esoteric content of Dante’s ideas and works by French and Italian scholars from the middle of the nineteenth century to the second half of the twentieth century. Various definitions of Western esotericism are discussed in the light of contemporary approaches. The current interest in the study of Dante’s esotericism and the relevance of this topic are substantiated. The tradition in the interpretation of Dante's esotericism in Italy and France can be traced back to the occultists of the 19th century, who referred to each other's works: G. Rossetti, E. Arou, F. Boissard, J. Péladant, G. Pascoli and others. It has been demonstrated that the studies of Dante's esotericism during 1920s reached a new level of quality, which was adequate to the contemporary scientific requirements for Dante studies: in Italy, this happened in the person of Luigi Valli and his students, Arturo Reghini and then Julius Evola; and in France, at the same time, in the person of René Guénon. The criticism of Valli in the works by Guénon is analyzed in detail. The context of Dante's interpretation by Guénon is revealed in connection with the issue of Templar, Rosicrucian and Islamic influences (Sufism, Arab Neoplatonism). In this respect, a significant difference of tones was observed in the perception of Dante's esotericism within the general paradigm of integral traditionalism between Guénon and his Italian colleagues Julius Evola and especially Guido de Giorgio, whose fundamental work is still unknown to Russian scholars. An intense politicization of the perception of Dante's heritage by Evola and de Giorgio is also remarked in this article. Special attention is then paid to the study of Dante's esotericism by one of the leading Roman Catholic theologian of the twentieth century, Romano Guardini, who engaged a polemic correspondence with the integral traditionalists. Based on the results of our study, it was concluded that the research of Dante's esotericism by French and Italian authors for more than a hundred years can be characterized as a continuous chain of dialogue and polemics of various authors who knew about each other's works and used the appropriate links.

Truong Vinh Ky and Phan Thanh Gian: The Problem of a Nationalist Interpretation of 19th Century Vietnamese History

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Vietnamese History ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
North And South

AbstractVietnamese historians in North and South Vietnam have, in writings since 1954, given considerable attention to the problem of reassessing and interpreting developments during the nineteenth century. For historians in Hanoi the test of Vietnamese nationalism has been whether or not an individual resisted the French. Saigon historians have not applied such a restrictive standard of judgement. The approach of the two schools of history is exemplified in dieir respective treatment of two notable nineteenth century figures; the linguist and journalist Truong Vinh Ky, and the mandarin Phan Thanh Gian. Both these men are condemned by Hanoi historians for their failure to work against the French. Saigon historians are more ready to consider sympathetically the factors which led to these men acting as they did. Resistance-oriented scholarship along the Hanoi model presents a grave risk of distortion. In the case of Truong Vinh Ky it tends to disguise the extent to which his views on Vietnam's future development were echoed in the twentieth century. For Phan Thanh Gian condemnation of his failure to fight to the death against the French diverts attention from the extent to which his decision represented an important reflection of a widespread attitude among many members of the mandarinate.

scholarly journals The Reception of Józef Wieniawski’s Works in the Light of Nineteenth-Century Writings – A Survey of Sources

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-137
Author(s):  
Karol Rzepecki
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
Century Literature

The output of Polish composers active at the turn of the twentieth century has largely been forgotten and is still waiting to be properly researched nowadays. Józef Wieniawski and his oeuvre, which once used to attract the attention of both Polish and foreign critics, is a case in point. This article seeks to provide a synthetic study of this subject on the basis of 19th-century literature.

Unravelling the complexity of Mexican biogeographical patterns by naturalists in the 19th century: From Alexander von Humboldt (1769—1859) to Francis Sumichrast (1829—1882)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 456 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-255
Author(s):  
FABIOLA JUÁREZ-BARRERA ◽  
ISOLDA LUNA VEGA ◽  
JUAN J. MORRONE ◽  
ALFREDO BUENO-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
DAVID ESPINOSA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Alexander Von Humboldt ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
The 19Th Century

Gonzalo Halffter developed the concept of a transition zone in Mexico during the mid-twentieth century, when he superimposed the distributional patterns of different groups of Coleoptera, finding that some groups share a common biogeographical history. The complexity of the Mexican biogeographical patterns had already caught the eyes of nineteenth-century naturalists, who tried to discern some kind of order within this biotic complexity. Herein, we analyse the original studies of different nineteenth-century authors on the distributional patterns of different Mexican taxa, highlighting the main explanations provided by them. The complexity of the Mexican biota was interpreted by Humboldt as the result of the interaction between northern and southern floras, as a taxonomic peculiarity by Augustin de Candolle, as a strong biotic replacement by Alphonse de Candolle and Sumichrast, and as different dispersal stages by Wallace. Before the theory of evolution was accepted, different biogeographical patterns (endemism, diversity and taxonomic replacement gradients, among others) had coexisted without contradictions. Botanical and zoological regions first acquired a connotation of independent centres of creation, and the wider distributions (mainly disjunct distributions) later became the backbone of hypotheses concerning historical relationships between biotas based on a dispersalist model. Nevertheless, during the 20th century, the explanations of 19th century naturalists such as the limits between regions and biotic transition entered the biogeographical debate again.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevailing View ◽  
The Way

At a time when the Union between Scotland and England is once again under the spotlight, Remembering the Past in Nineteenth-Century Scotland examines the way in which Scotland’s national heroes were once remembered as champions of both Scottish and British patriotism. Whereas 19th-century Scotland is popularly depicted as a mire of sentimental Jacobitism and kow-towing unionism, this book shows how Scotland’s national heroes were once the embodiment of a consistent, expressive and robust view of Scottish nationality. Whether celebrating the legacy of William Wallace and Robert Bruce, the reformer John Knox, the Covenanters, 19th-century Scots rooted their national heroes in a Presbyterian and unionist view of Scotland’s past. Examined through the prism of commemoration, this book uncovers collective memories of Scotland’s past entirely opposed to 21st-century assumptions of medieval proto-nationalism and Calvinist misery. Detailed studies of 19th-century commemoration of Scotland’s national heroes Uncovers an all but forgotten interpretation of these ‘great Scots’ Shines a new light on the mindset of nineteenth-century Scottish national identity as being comfortably Scottish and British Overturns the prevailing view of Victorian Scottishness as parochial, sentimental tartanry

Songs of the spirit from Dufftown

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Shelagh Noden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Liturgical Music

Following the Scottish Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Scottish Catholics were at last free to break the silence imposed by the harsh penal laws, and attempt to reintroduce singing into their worship. At first opposed by Bishop George Hay, the enthusiasm for liturgical music took hold in the early years of the nineteenth century, but the fledgling choirs were hampered both by a lack of any tradition upon which to draw, and by the absence of suitable resources. To the rescue came the priest-musician, George Gordon, a graduate of the Royal Scots College in Valladolid. After his ordination and return to Scotland he worked tirelessly in forming choirs, training organists and advising on all aspects of church music. His crowning achievement was the production, at his own expense, of a two-volume collection of church music for the use of small choirs, which remained in use well into the twentieth century.

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