scholarly journals Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Kukju Kweon
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Core ◽  
Symptom Patterns ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Core Symptoms

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In the past, ADHD was considered to be limited to children and adolescents. However, ADHD has now been reconceptualized as a lifelong disorder, and two-thirds of ADHD patients continue to have core symptoms and dysfunction in adulthood. Currently, the public and clinicians’ interest in adult ADHD is rapidly increasing in Korea. In addition to interviews with patients for an adult ADHD diagnosis, interviews with family members, existing school records, and neuropsychological tests help clinicians to make a diagnosis. It is necessary to check whether the core symptoms of ADHD were expressed in childhood. Since adults’ symptom patterns differ from those of children, a self-report tool designed for adult ADHD is useful. The medications currently approved for ADHD in adults by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea are long-acting methylphenidate and atomoxetine. Both methylphenidate and atomoxetine improve the core symptoms of ADHD as well as daily function. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine can be used safely as first-line treatments, and the overall adverse effects are tolerable. However, attention should be paid to possible cardiovascular adverse events and misuse. Bupropion, modafinil, alpha2-agonist, and tricyclic antidepressants can also be used off-label.

Pre-, Peri-, and Post-Natal Risk Factors in ADHD

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Pangajam Ponnuswamy ◽  
Ann Sarah Paul ◽  
Aneesha Brigitte Jose
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Core Symptoms

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly found in childhood with its core symptoms manifesting as inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. As ADHD generates a substantial rate of burden to the society in terms of economic and medical resources used, priority is given to explore the risk factors that contributes towards the multifactorial origin of this disorder to offer possible preventive and therapeutic interventions. With heritability accounting for 75% to 80% of the variability seen in ADHD, the remaining are explained through environmental risk factors that are exposed during critical period of pre-, peri-, and postnatal development. Though literature on the risk factors have been mostly controversial, certain associations have been made with regards to ADHD pathophysiology.

Treating adult ADHD and comorbid substance-related disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S54-S54
Author(s):  
J.A. Ramos-Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Competing Interest

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex, and multifactorial and chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent in individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD. There is a solid overlap between ADHD and substance use disorders (SUD). Prevalence of SUD is high among patients with ADHD, so that SUD are approximately double as common among individuals with ADHD than in general population, and individuals with SUD have much higher rates than expected of a comorbid ADHD. Studies shown that treatment during childhood of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders. Nevertheless, recent studies found that patients with ADHD and SUD can reduce ADHD symptoms and SUD with stimulants and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment of ADHD in patients with SUD requires a comprehensive diagnostic assessment. It is recommendable to stabilize the addiction prior to treating the ADHD. In this talk, the recent literature for the treatment of adults with co-occurring ADHD and SUD will be reviewed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Incidence of Internet addiction in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S396-S397
Author(s):  
B. Tuzun Mutluer ◽  
T.G. Yener Orum ◽  
S. Sertcelik
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dsm Iv

ObjectiveIn this study, it was aimed to determine the internet use properties of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients who were followed-up at Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department; ADHD Outpatient Clinic.MethodThirty participants who were diagnosed with adult ADHD aged between 18–31 years rated their ADHD symptoms in childhood retrospectively, using Wender Utah Rating Scale. Patients rated current adult ADHD symptoms with the Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale (DSRS) and severity of symptoms measured by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Internet addiction (IA) was assessed with Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). It was determined that, none of 30 Adult ADHD patients have been diagnosed with IA.29 of patient have moderate internet use although 1 of patients have risky internet use. The results revealed that total ASRS score (P = 0.020), total Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based DSRS score (P = 0.036) and the Attention Deficit related properties subscale total score (P = 0.042) were significantly correlated with the IAS total score. Subscale of the self-report scales including; failing to finish schoolworks, chores, or duties at workplace, difficulty of following through on instructions (P = 0.017), restiveness; impaired inhibitory performance (P = 0.017), feeling not confident (P = 0.017), difficulty of managing time (P = 0.047), failing to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes (P = 0.037) are closely relevant to IAS total score.ResultIn conclusion, clinical features, which are characteristic of Adult ADHD could have same shared etiology with IA. Furthermore, ADHD patients are more likely to have an IA diagnosis. However, it was thought that this result had to be supported with studies including larger samples.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Self-esteem, and Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Shaimaa Ezzat Basha ◽  
Futiem Nasha Alsubie
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
University Students ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Cognitive Tempo

The present paper aims at determining the contribution of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and self-esteem to predicting Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among female university students in Saudi Arabia. It examines the differences in the research variables according to academic achievement. It also identifies the correlations of these variables. The authors applied the research instruments, i.e., the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI), and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to a sample of 203 female university students aged 19-31 years (M = 23.29 years; SD= 3.74 years). The results showed no differences in the mean scores of ASRS, ACI, and negative self-esteem in the achievement levels among university students. In contrast, there was a positive direct relationship between ADHD, SCT, and negative self-esteem. SCT contributed significantly (by 40%), whereas self-esteem contributed by 6% in predicting ADHD among university students. The study highlighted the contribution of both negative self-esteem and SCT to predicting ADHD among Saudi university students to understand the nature of the disorder and its predictors. The findings of this study can be utilized to develop preventive programs for enhancing self-esteem and increasing attention among university students.   Received: 17 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

scholarly journals Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD among Young Individuals - An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Aparna Patel ◽  
Jalpa Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD is a developmental nervous behavioural disorder mostly diagnosed in childhood and rarely in adults. Characteristic clinical features in adults are mainly, hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsiveness instability in interpersonal relations and alcohol abuse which can cause poor occupational, academic and social performance in future. As ADHD is usually undiagnosed in adults because of its poor knowledge of the symptoms. Need of study is to see the prevalence of ADHD among individuals, as ADHD youth are at high risk of a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes. Methodology: This observational study was performed in 307 young female & male of all the fields aged between 18-24, according to Newman’s classification. The subjects were screened for ADHD by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) which has two parts- inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive. This questionnaire was sent through Google Form. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 10th version. According to ASR Scale among 307, 5.53% were highly likely to have inattentiveness and 6.64% were highly likely to have hyper activeness and impulsiveness. In 207 females 6.28%, 5.79% were highly likely to be inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and in 100 males 9%,4% were highly likely to be hyperactive/impulsive, inattentive. Conclusion: Total prevalence of Adult ADHD is 11.40%. Among all the participants, prevalence of ADHD for Part-A (Inattentive) is 5.53% and Part-B (Hyperactive/Impulsive) is 6.64%. Out of total, 0.977% got mixed symptoms of ADHD. Keywords: Young individuals, ASRS, Adult ADHD, Inattentive, Hyperactive, Impulsive.

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 395-423
Author(s):  
Beth Krone ◽  
Amanda Kirschenbaum ◽  
Thomas Yang ◽  
Amy Glick ◽  
Alexander Newcorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Axis I

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, symptomatically heterogeneous, neurodevelopmental disorder. It’s symptoms first appear early in life and evolve as the brain matures and reorganizes over the lifespan. Cognitive dysfunction is a key feature of adult ADHD and typically manifests as a dysregulation of executive control of attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and emotion regulation rather than as a defining deficit in a specific cognitive domain. The heterogeneity of presentation, changing clinical manifestations across development, and variability in functional impairment associated with ADHD contribute to the difficulty of obtaining a “snapshot” diagnosis using a single assessment or representative battery. Careful history-taking of information across raters and settings generally reveals a pattern of symptoms beginning in childhood. Manifested impairment required for diagnosis depends on a variety of supportive or mitigating versus contributory factors. In adulthood, persisted or untreated ADHD may predispose to a variety of other conditions, including low educational and/or academic attainment, decreased earning potential, substance use or abuse, parenting and marital problems, poor health practices, a variety of risky behaviors, and a variety of comorbid Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders. High-functioning adults who have not previously come to clinical attention may present for care because of academic underattainment, suboptimal performance in the workplace, or behavioral or mood dysregulation. In addition, ADHD may be discovered as part of a more comprehensive workup of other disorders. A range of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments are available; response is often good to excellent once the disorder is properly identified.

The specificity of clinical characteristics in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison with patients with borderline personality disorder

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Dowson ◽  
A. McLean ◽  
E. Bazanis ◽  
B. Toone ◽  
S. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractCharacteristics of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults can also be found as part of other psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the specificity of adult ADHD features in relation to patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), a syndrome which shares some of its intrinsic features with ADHD and often co-occurs with ADHD. A group of 20 adult patients selected on the basis of a diagnosis of ADHD and 20 patients selected on the basis of a diagnosis of BPD were assessed by the self-report Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA). The two groups were matched for age, verbal IQ and gender. Of the nine ADSA scales, seven showed significant inter-group differences, in particular involving attention, organisation and persistence. The ‘Consistency/Long-Term’ scale, which mainly reflects impaired task and goal persistence, was the best discriminator between the groups. Furthermore, ratings on this scale correlated significantly with the error score of a computer-administered task of spatial working memory, the performance of which has been reported to be impaired in patients with ADHD. The results provide further validation for the ADSA scales and support a previous claim that ‘long-term consistencies’, i.e., related to task and goal persistence, is ‘the centrepiece behavioural issue’ for adults with ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and physical multimorbidity: A population-based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stickley ◽  
A. Koyanagi ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
V. Ruchkin ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Physical Diseases

AbstractBackground:There has been little research on the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with co-occurring physical diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association between possible ADHD and physical multimorbidity (i.e. = 2 physical diseases) among adults in the English general population.Methods:Data were analyzed from 7274 individuals aged = 18 years that came from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. Information was also obtained on 20 self-reported doctor/other health professional diagnosed physical health conditions present in the past 12 months. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to assess the associations.Results:There was a monotonic relation between the number of physical diseases and possible ADHD (ASRS score = 14). Compared to those with no diseases, individuals with = 5 diseases had over 3 times higher odds for possible ADHD (odds ratio [OR]: 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48–4.37). This association was observed in all age groups. Stressful life events (% mediated 10.3–24.3%), disordered eating (6.8%), depression (12.8%), and anxiety (24.8%) were significant mediators in the association between possible ADHD and physical multimorbidity.Conclusion:Adults that screen positive for ADHD are at an increased risk for multimorbidity and several factors are important in this association. As many adults with ADHD remain undiagnosed, the results of this study highlight the importance of detecting adult ADHD as it may confer an increased risk for poorer health outcomes, including physical multimorbidity.

scholarly journals Atypical resting-state gamma band trajectory in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Tombor ◽  
Brigitta Kakuszi ◽  
Szilvia Papp ◽  
János Réthelyi ◽  
István Bitter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Gamma Power ◽  
Gamma Band Activity ◽  
Band Activity

AbstractDecreased gamma activity has been reported both in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, while ADHD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, our insight into the associations of spontaneous gamma band activity with age is limited, especially in adults. Therefore, we conducted an explorative study to investigate trajectories of resting gamma activity in adult ADHD patients (N = 42) versus matched healthy controls (N = 59). We investigated the relationship of resting gamma activity (30–48 Hz) with age in four right hemispheric electrode clusters where diminished gamma power in ADHD had previously been demonstrated by our group. We found significant non-linear association between resting gamma power and age in the lower frequency gamma1 range (30–39 Hz) in ADHD as compared to controls in all investigated locations. Resting gamma1 increased with age and was significantly lower in ADHD than in control subjects from early adulthood. We found no significant association between gamma activity and age in the gamma2 range (39–48 Hz). Alterations of gamma band activity might reflect altered cortical network functioning in adult ADHD relative to controls. Our results reveal that abnormal gamma power is present at all ages, highlighting the lifelong nature of ADHD. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our results.

scholarly journals Can the MMPI Predict Adult ADHD? An Approach Using Machine Learning Methods

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Sunhae Kim ◽  
Hyekyung Lee ◽  
Kounseok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

(1) Background: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms cause various social difficulties due to attention deficit and impulsivity. In addition, in contrast to ADHD in childhood, ADHD in adulthood is difficult to diagnose due to mixed psychopathologies. This study aimed to determine whether it is possible to predict ADHD symptoms in adults using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with machine learning (ML) techniques; (2) Methods: Data collected from 5726 college students were analyzed. The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) was used, and ADHD symptoms in adults were evaluated using the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS). For statistical analysis, three ML algorithms were used, i.e., K-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and random forest, with the ASRS evaluation result as the dependent variable and the 50 MMPI-2-RF scales as predictors; (3) Results: When the KNN, LDA, and random forest techniques were applied, the accuracy was 93.1%, 91.2%, and 93.6%, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.722, 0.806, and 0.790, respectively. The AUC of the LDA method was the largest, with an excellent level of diagnostic accuracy; (4) Conclusions: ML using the MMPI-2 in a large group could provide reliable accuracy in screening for adult ADHD.

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