ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDES IN SOME COMMERCIAL BOTTLED WATERS FROM PARTS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
O O ALATISE ◽  
Y S AKINSANYA
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Recommended Level

In this work, the presence of natural radioactivity in bottled waters from parts of south-west Nigeria was investigated. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the water samples were ob-tained using a high-purity germanium detector. The ranges of activity concentrations obtained for 232Th, 226Ra and 40K were 0.15 to 1.25Bq l-1, 0.02 to 2.94Bq l-1 and 6.96 to 46.47 Bq l-1, respectively. 40K has the highest activity concentration in the bottled water samples while 232Th has the least value. The activity concentrations obtained together with ingested dose conversion factors, were used to calculate the annual effective doses for six age groups ranging from < 1 to >17 years. The calculated total annual effective doses (mSvy-1) ranged from 0.01 to 4.16 and the values are age dependent (highest for < 1year and lowest for 7-12years age groups). The results showed that the average annu-al effective dose for 35% of the bottled water brands were below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level of 0.1 mSvy-1 for drinking water. Furthermore, out of the remaining 65% that were higher than the WHO recommended level, 9% were higher than 1 mSvy-1, which is the radia-tion exposure limit for the general public according to the recommendation of the International Com-mission on Radiological Protection. Consequently, consumption of some of the bottled water brands investigated in this study could constitute radiological hazard especially for the < 1 and 12-17years age groups.

ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES LEVELS IN DRINKING WATER FROM OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usikalu M. R. ◽  
Olawole C. O. ◽  
Joel E. S.
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radionuclides ◽  
Effective Doses

Naturally occurring radionuclides levels of 238U, 232Th and 40K were investigated in the water samples collected at different boreholes in all the local government of Ogun State using high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector (Canberra Industries Inc.). The activity concentrations measured from the water samples ranged from 0.06 to 1.37 Bq l-1 for 238U, 0.15 to 0.52 Bq l-1 for 232Th and 1.35 to 12.74 Bq l-1 for 40K. The measured activities concentrations for 238U, 232Th and 40K along with their ingested dose conversion factors were used to estimate the annual effective doses in accordance with International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) based on age groups 0 -1y, 1 – 2y, 2 – 7y, 7 – 12y, 12 – 17y and >17y for water consumption. The total annual effective doses calculated varied from 0.004 to 0.517, 0.002 to 0.092, 0.001 to 0.078, 0.001 to 0.076, 0.024 to 0.110 and 0.002 to 0.117 for the age groups accordingly. The physiochemical results showed that 85% of the water was acidic as they have pH less than 6.5 and 65 % of them exceeded the copper concentration recommended limit. It revealed that consumption of the water is safe from natural background radiation for all groups except 0-1 y as the annual effective dose obtained for this group exceeded the average world limit (0.12). The study therefore, suggests that Ogun State populace should use less of these water samples for babies between the age 0-1 year.

scholarly journals Assessment of Age-Dependent Effective Dose and Toxicity Risks of 226Ra and 228Ra In River Water Samples In Ondo State. Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oladele Ajayi ◽  
Olusegun Omogunloye
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Morbidity Risks

Abstract Activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in some river waters in southwestern Nigeria were measured using high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 2.31, 0.17 to 2.85, and 7.86 to 65.51 Bq l-1 for 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K respectively. The calculated mean of the total annual effective dose were 9.86, 2.46, 1.71, 2.43, 5.74 and 0.99 mSv y-1 for age groups ≤1y, 1-2y, 2-7y, 7-12y, 12-17y, and >17y respectively. Estimated cancer mortality and morbidity risks ranged from 0.04x10-3 to 0.77x10-3 with a mean of 0.42x10-3 and 0.04x10-3 to 0.80x10-3 with a mean of 0.44x10-3 respectively for 226R while they ranged from 0.11x10-3 to 1.89x10-3 with a mean of 0.96x10-3 and 0.16x10-3 to 2.66x10-3 with a mean of 1.38x10-3 respectively for 228Ra. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of 226Ra and 228Ra ranged from 9.39x10-14 µg kg-1 d-1 to 181.01x10-14 µg kg-1 d-1 with a mean of 100.06x10-14 µg kg-1 d-1 and 4.82x10-16 µg kg-1 d-1 to 80.70x10-16 µg kg-1 d-1 with a mean of 40.90x10-16 µg kg-1 d-1 respectively.. Radiological hazard indicator of radium is of concern in these drinking river water samples.

RADON, THORON AND THEIR PROGENY DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE AND EXCESS LIFETIME CANCER RISK IN PANATHADY, KASARAGOD DISTRICT, KERALA

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
K Nadira Mahamood ◽  
V Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Recommended Level

Abstract Radon and thoron are natural radioactive gases that tend to accumulate in the indoor environment and one of their major health implications is the ability to cause lung cancer. Present study comprises the quantification of radon and thoron activity concentrations and measurement of gamma exposure rates in different types of dwellings from the endosulfan-affected area, Panathady, Kasaragod district, Kerala. It is observed that, residents of this area were more prone to various diseases and health problems including cancer. The LR-115 type II solid state nuclear track detectors with single entry pin-hole based dosemeters have been used for the measurement of 222Radon and 220Rn activity concentrations. The assessment of radiological parameters such as annual effective doses and excess lifetime cancer risk has also been done in order to understand the dose level and the associated risk. The estimated values have been compared with the limit recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The average indoor radon and thoron activity concentrations observed in these dwellings were 134 ± 30 and 111 ± 28 Bq m−3, respectively. The estimated activity concentrations, effective doses, etc. are found to be within the recommended level by the UNSCEAR or ICRP.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN SOME NIGERIAN MADE CEREALS AND TEA PRODUCTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
O. O. ALATISE ◽  
T. C. ADEBESIN
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Allowable Level ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Cereal Samples ◽  
The Mean

This study investigated the presence of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in some cereals and tea products commonly available in Nigerian markets. Fifteen cereal samples and ten tea samples were purchased from different markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Gamma-ray spectrometric analyses of the samples were done using a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector to obtain the activity concentrations of the radionuclides with 137Cs being below the detection limit in all the samples analyzed. The mean activity concentrations (in Bqkg-1) of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the cereal samples were (0.839 ± 0.713), (1.153 ± 1.084) and (22.514 ± 8.897) respectively; while the values for the tea samples were (1.145 ± 0.765), (0.94 ± 0.601) and (19.212 ± 9.533) respectively. The associated hazard indices for the cereals ranged from 0.0065 to 0.0368 while that for the tea products varied from 0.0044 to 0.0292. These values are well below the world recommended limit of 1.0. The calculated annual effective doses due to the ingestion of the investigated samples ranged from 0.068 mSvy-1 (for age groups from 1 y) to 0.189 mSvy-1 (for age group 17 y). For the tea samples, the highest value was found in the age group 12 – 17 y, while the lowest was found in the age group 1 – 2 y. These values are below the allowable level of 1 mSv per annum for members of the general public as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This indicates that the consumption of these cereals and teas do not pose as health hazards to both children and adults in the populace.    

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Various Bottled Commercial Water Brands in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. W. Ngubi ◽  
I. Eiroboyi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

In this study, Physico-chemical assessment of some commercial drinking water sold in bottles in Okada Town was evaluated to ascertain their compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS): Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality threshold limits using standard analytical methods. Seven different bottled water samples obtained from different manufacturers labelled BWA to BWG were analyzed physically and chemically. Physical examination of the samples showed that they were odourless, colourless, and tasteless. Chemical quality parameters examined were pH, Chloride (Cl-), total hardness (TS), Phosphate (PHO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The pH values of 57.1% of the water samples (BWA, BWB, BWC, BWE & BWF) were within the standards. The remaining chemical quality parameters (Cl-, TS, PHO3-, NO3-, Sulphate SO42-, Iron Fe, K, NA, Mn, Zn, TDS, Conductivity, turbidity, and TSS) of the branded bottled water samples were within the standards for clean and safe drinking. Therefore, they were considered safe and fit for human consumption. 

Activity concentrations in bottled drinking water in Saudi Arabia and consequent dose estimates

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
A. H. Al-Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Effective Doses

The natural radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined in different brands of bottled drinking water samples collected from the local market of Saudi Arabia. The average measured activity concentrations of the nuclides were found to be 0.77, 1.3 and 11.1 Bq l-1, respectively. The total average annual effective doses due to all three natural radionuclides on different age groups of infants, children and adults were estimated. The measured activity concentrations were compared with similar studies and the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in bottled drinking water were found to be lower than most of these values. Also, the effective doses resulting from the consumption of bottled drinking water estimated for the three age groups were found to be below the WHO recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y-1. The results can serve as baseline levels of activity concentration in drinking water in Saudi Arabia. Keywords: Natural radioactivity, effective dose.

scholarly journals Measurement of the Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazard of Soil, Sand and Sediment Samples Collected from Coastal Area, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Sariful ◽  
Suranjan Kumar Das ◽  
Md Murad Ahmed ◽  
Selina Yeasmin
Keyword(s):  
Germanium Detector ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Radiological Hazard ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rate ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
High Purity Germanium ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The radioactivity concentrations of 24 samples of soil and sand sediments from Cox’s Bazar were determined using high purity germanium detector. The results of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples were found to vary from 15.34 ± 1.66 to 33.70 ± 2.08 Bq/kg, 30.09 ± 3.62 to 58.06 ± 4.23 Bq/kg and 379.99 ± 33.43 to 755.26 ± 38.03 Bq/kg, respectively. For sand samples the activity concentrations were between 8.98 ± 1.49 to 31.33 ± 2.04 Bq/kg, 16.82 ± 3.24 to 63.28 ± 4.37 Bq/kg and 252.42 ± 31.72 to 565.72 ± 35.78 Bq/kg, respectively, for sediment samples values were 13.90 ± 1.64 to 38.41 ± 2.19 Bq/kg, 37.94 ± 3.82 to 51.92 ± 4.11 Bq/kg and 367.70 ± 33.28 to 665.05 ± 36.97 Bq/kg, 367.70 ± 33.28 to 665.05 ± 36.97 Bq/kg, respectively. The absorbed dose rate of soil, sand and sediment samples were found as 79.98, 77.17, and 57.86 nGy/h, respectively. Outdoor annual effective doses were 0.49, 0.47 and 0.36 mSv/y.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 2, 233-240, 2015

scholarly journals Age-dependent dose assessment of uranium intake from bottled water in Punjab state, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2794-2803
Author(s):  
Vikas Duggal
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Uranium Concentration ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Age Dependent

Abstract Uranium, both a radioactive material and a heavy metal, poses a health risk due to its radiological properties and chemical toxicity. In the present study, uranium concentration and relative age-dependent effective dose have been measured in 27 commercial brands of bottled waters collected randomly from different districts of Punjab, India. Uranium concentration varied from 0.19 to 9.29 μg l−1 with a mean value of 1.58 μg l−1, a standard deviation of 1.95 μg l−1 and a median of 0.82 μg l−1. Uranium concentrations in all the samples were found to be lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) prescribed limit of 30 μg l−1 and AERB India proposed a radiological based limit of 60 μg l−1. Based on permissible limits, all the samples were suitable for human consumption. The annual effective dose was determined by taking the recommended water intake values of different age groups. The mean annual effective dose for all age groups was well within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended reference dose level of 1 mSv y−1. The highest dose was calculated for infants, which makes them the most crucial group of the population.

scholarly journals Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 117862211773344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghassan Adham AL-Dulaimi ◽  
Mohammad Khairi Younes
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
World Health

Safe drinking water is crucial for the well-being of current and future generations. This study aims to evaluate the quality of potable water in Baghdad city. Furthermore, this study compares the quality of tap and bottled water. Baghdad city was divided into 4 districts based on the water source, and 40 water samples were collected from each district. Moreover, the most popular bottled water brands were sampled and compared with the tap water samples. The quality of the analyzed potable water samples varied based on the water source. The total dissolved solid (TDS) levels exceed the palatable (>600 ppm) water levels in some districts. In addition, the concentration of sulfate was relatively high in both tap and bottled water and ranged from 200 to 330 ppm. The bottled water quality was within the acceptable limits set by the World Health Organization, but the TDS levels were relatively high. The hardness, Cl−, Pb2+, and bacteria contents in both tap and bottled water were within the standard limits. Finally, it is important to conduct radiological analyses in the future to investigate the effect of wars on Iraqi water resources.

Activity concentration and dose estimation of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in drinking water of selected areas of Punjab, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar Mashiatullah ◽  
Bareera Maryam ◽  
Maliha Asma ◽  
Nadeem Yaqoob ◽  
Um-e Robab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dose Estimation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Radioactive Nuclides ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Radioactivity of naturally occurring (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) and anthropogenic (137Cs) radioactive nuclides was measured in 29 potable ground and surface water samples of Punjab, Pakistan. The results showed average activity concentrations for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs as 1.09, 0.55, 16.17 and 0.40 Bql−1, respectively. 137Cs was detected in only a few samples. The obtained results showed that, in general, activity concentrations of radionuclides (232Th and 137Cs) in drinking water samples did not exceed WHO recommendations. 226Ra in the majority of samples exceeded WHO drinking water guidelines. The estimated committed effective dose due to intake of the water for three age-groups considered (&lt;1 y, 2–7 y and ≥17 y) was below the ICRP permissible limit (0.1 mSvy−1) except for 226Ra and 40K.

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