scholarly journals Water supply challenges in urban and rural areas of Eastern Cape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mpumelelo Dolo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Water is regarded as the most important substance found on earth. There is no substitute for it. The daily running of production businesses, industrial firms and agricultural production that help sustain the economy of countries are largely dependent on the availability of water for them to function. The importance of water cannot be over emphasised. The food which is consumed daily depends on water; it can therefore be safely concluded that without water there would be no food, and without food there would be no life. Despite the importance of water in relation to human life, animals and plants, research studies show that the its availability becoming increasingly deficient around the globe. Water levels of major dams and rivers around the world are dropping, limiting the supply of potable water to those dependent on them. Global warming is one factor that is influencing the dropping of water levels, through evaporation. Other factors include climate change, drought and population growth. In South Africa, the government has been fighting a continuous battle of trying to address the backlog of water infrastructure, particularly in the areas which were disadvantaged by the apartheid government. These areas include rural areas, small towns (semi-urban) and townships. The Eastern Cape province in South Africa is top of the list from a backlog point of view. Rural dwellers migrate to urban areas for various reasons such as better education, better health care, job opportunities and more efficient services. Water supply is one of the services which is more adequately supplied in the cities compared to the rural areas. Even though the supplied water in the urban areas of the Eastern Cape is not the best standard when compared to other cities around the country or the world, it is still at an acceptable standard. Thus, this study was conducted to seek ways of improving the supply of water in the urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. The availability and the quality of water differs between the urban and rural areas. The purpose of this study was to seek ways of bridging the gap between these areas while improving the standard of water supply in both rural and urban areas. While working towards improving the lives of the Eastern Cape people, the study also seeks to promote water preservation and awareness to the people of the province. In order to find better alternatives which have been tested in various places around the world, an in-depth literature review was conducted in the study. This functioned as an effective comparison of what is obtained in different places around the world and the context of this study, which is the Eastern Cape. A survey method was used to gather data regarding the problems surrounding water supply and options that could be adopted to remedy those problems. The survey was conducted in the form of a self-observation assessment, questionnaire for households in urban and rural areas and interview sessions with prominent government entities and local technical service providers. The survey covered the whole spectrum of individuals and groups that play a major role in the supply and usage of water. The study was conducted within three municipalities of the Eastern Cape. These municipalities cover approximately two-third of the Eastern Cape considering the size of population in those areas. The municipalities covered by the study were: Amathole District Municipality (ADM), Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) and OR Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM). The findings from the study showed that indeed the standard of water supply between urban and rural areas was not equal. This relates to the purification methods, the convenience of collecting water by users, the quality of infrastructure being constructed (due to good or poor monitoring during construction) and the quality of the water as well as operation and maintenance response from the various service providers. Moreover, it was found that there was an acceptable level of awareness by citizens when it comes to using water, and precautions to save it were being taken by some. However, some dominant factors such as poor management, poor infrastructure resulting in leaks, climate change, run-offs and population growth were putting a strain on the existing water resources which is not coping with the increasing demand by people. Recommendations made in the study to balance the supply of water in rural areas and urban areas include: improving the purification of water so as to achieve a standard quality within the Eastern Cape; that rural areas be allowed to have an option of having yard or house connections, particularly those who are willing to pay rates at a scale suiting their class or standard; and that water service providers make it their responsibility to extend reticulation networks if there is expansion or development of more houses in rural areas in order to keep the distance minimal to standpipes

Influence of community satisfaction with individual happiness: comparative study in semi-urban and rural areas of Tikapur, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Bae Park ◽  
Chun-Bae Kim ◽  
Chhabi Ranabhat ◽  
Chang-Soo Kim ◽  
Sei-Jin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
National Level ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Community Satisfaction ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Happiness is a subjective indicator of overall living conditions and quality of life. Recently, community- and national-level investigations connecting happiness and community satisfaction were conducted. This study investigated the effects of community satisfaction on happiness in Nepal. A factor analysis was employed to examine 24 items that are used to measure community satisfaction, and a multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of these factors on happiness. In semi-urban areas, sanitation showed a positive relationship with happiness. In rural areas, edu-medical services were negatively related to happiness, while agriculture was positively related. Gender and perceived health were closely associated with happiness in rural areas. Both happiness and satisfaction are subjective concepts, and are perceived differently depending on the socio-physical environment and personal needs. Sanitation, agriculture (food) and edu-medical services were critical factors that affected happiness; however, the results of this study cannot be generalized to high-income countries.

scholarly journals A Traditional Closed-Loop Sanitation System in a Chronic Emergency: A Qualitative Study from Afghanistan

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
Jean Lapegue ◽  
Jutta Gutberlet ◽  
Jan Franklin Adamowski ◽  
Caetano C. Dorea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The World ◽  
Smart Community ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The use of closed-loop sanitation systems (CLSS), or reuse-oriented sanitation systems, has increased in recent years, and such systems have been successfully implemented in many parts of the world. However, no research has explored Traditional CLSS (T-CLSS) for a long-term humanitarian situation. This study explores the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of T-CLSS in peri-urban and rural contexts in three different provinces in Afghanistan (the first study of its kind in Afghanistan). Participatory research tools, such as transect walks, focus group discussions, smart community gatherings and interactive workshops, were applied to assess the SWOT associated with T-CLSS. The results indicate that T-CLSS has been practiced historically in both peri-urban and rural areas using local and traditional knowledge, skills and technologies. The socio-cultural acceptance of the system in both rural and peri-urban areas is an important strength of this established system. However, due to chronic development challenges in the study regions, T-CLSS may possibly lead to exposure to microbial contaminants. It is recommended that the feasibility of an improved CLSS be assessed and implemented in light of the issues that are inherent in the use of T-CLSS in Afghanistan.

The closed city as a strategy to reduce vulnerability of urban areas for climate change

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. de Graaf ◽  
N.C. van de Giesen ◽  
F.H.M. van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Recovery Capacity ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Vulnerability Framework

Urbanization, land subsidence and sea level rise will increase vulnerability to droughts in the urbanized low-lying areas in the western part of the Netherlands. In this paper a possibility is explored to decrease vulnerability of urban areas by implementing an alternative water supply option. A four component vulnerability framework is presented that includes threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity and adaptive capacity. By using the vulnerability framework it is elaborated that current water supply strategies in the Netherlands mainly focus on increasing threshold capacity by constructing improved water storage and delivery infrastructure. A complete vulnerability decreasing strategy requires measures that include all four components. Adaptive capacity can be developed by starting experiments with new modes of water supply. A concept which is symbolically called ‘the closed city’ uses local urban rainfall as the only source of water supply. The ‘closed city’ can decrease the water dependence of urban areas on (1) the surrounding rural areas that are diminishing in size and that are increasingly under strain and (2) river water resources that will probably be less constant and reliable as a result of climate change.

scholarly journals Assessment of community-managed water systems in rural areas of Espírito Santo, Brazil, using the SIASAR tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anna Virginia Muniz Machado ◽  
Marina Thurler Nogueira ◽  
Lucas Magalhães Carneiro Alves ◽  
Norbertho Da Silveira Quindeler ◽  
Juliana Da Costa Dias Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Espirito Santo

Rural communities usually are poorly covered by basic services, including water supply services (WSSs). Within this context, community management of water is a promising alternative to address this issue, with many successes all over the world. This approach also contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which intends to universalize water access. This paper evaluates the WSSs provided by eleven rural community organizations from Espírito Santo, Brazil. All of those participate in the sanitation program “Pró-Rural” created by Cesan (Companhia Espiritosantense de Saneamento), the state water concessionaire, to reach small-sized rural settlements. For this purpose, Siasar was used, an informational tool that enables the identification of elements in the rural water supply systems (RWSSs) that can enhance or hinder their performance. The results verified that the communities were able to maintain a satisfactory level of quality of the WSSs, although there were perceptible fragilities regarding the distance between internal (communities and service providers) and external (technical assistance providers) actors that can decrease the quality of the WSS or even lead to its interruption if not addressed.

A comparative assessment of selected raw water intake systems in Rwanda

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nhapi ◽  
A. J. Nshimiyimana ◽  
U. G. Wali ◽  
F. O. K. Anyemedu ◽  
J. J. Kashaigili
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Physical Measurements

After the genocide of 1994, Rwanda has been struggling to contain urban migration and its pressures on existing facilities. Water supply coverage is low at 76% in urban areas and 68% in rural areas. This implies that huge investments are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals on water supply and sanitation. This study was conducted to assess the existing problems of raw water intake systems at Yanze and Nyabarongo intakes in Kigali; Shyogwe intake in Ruhango District; and Kadahokwa intake in Huye District. The study was in response to high amounts of sediments in raw water which literally clogged the intake systems for a number of days, resulting in erratic water supplies to the residents in the rainy season. The study focused on performance problems of the intake systems, raw water turbidity variations and the assessment of how environmental concerns could be addressed in the design of intake systems in areas of high soil erosion activities. Data was collected through interviews and physical measurements. The study revealed that flooding, intake site selection, erosion, screen clogging, intake protection, high raw water turbidity, inadequacy of raw water supplied to the water treatment plants, and low downstream environmental flows were the main intake problems. The Yanze intake had worst problems with high levels of flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and high raw water turbidity levels. The bank filtration system at Nyabarongo gave the least problems of raw water turbidity. Yanze and Nyabugogo river intakes systems were found to be threatened by decreasing water levels attributed to surrounding upstream landuse activities. It was recommended that proper maintenance of existing structures, landuse management around river intakes, use of well-designed reservoir abstraction systems, increased groundwater abstraction systems (including bank filtration), would greatly improve the performance of intake systems in Rwanda.

scholarly journals Visit to the Emergency Room: A Time Analysis of 119 Ambulances, Private Cars, and Taxis

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Kyunghee Kang
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Transportation Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This study analyzed the transportation time of 119 ambulances, private cars, and taxis to arrive at the emergency room, and estimated the factors influencing the time using individual and household characteristics and emergency statistics from the 2018 annual data of the Korea Health Panel Study (Version 1.7). Out of 2,032 cases that were analyzed, 427 cases (21.0%) were brought by 119 ambulances; 1,276 (62.8%) by private cars; and 329 cases (16.2%) by taxis. On average, the 119 ambulances took 23.14 minutes, private cars took 25.06 minutes, and taxis took 19.01 minutes to reach the emergency room. The overall average was 23.68 minutes. Moreover, the difference between urban and rural areas was a statistically significant factor influencing the time for all three methods of transport. It took approximately 7-10 minutes longer in rural areas than in urban areas. In addition, the lower the income, the longer it took in the case of private cars. If the transportation time for ambulance services is efficiently managed in terms of economic and social characteristics or regional factors, the quality of the ambulance service is expected to improve significantly.

scholarly journals THE ANTROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON CUEJDIU RIVER WATER QUALITY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Village

Water pollution is caused in rural areas, especially by uncontrolled wastedeposits located in river bed and in urban areas is discharged, irregular,untreated sewage. The Cuejdiu River is a tributary of the Bitriţa River inthe left side,with a total length of 24 km. Evaluation of water quality of the CuejdiuRiver was achieved by processing the results obtained from tests analyzedfor 30 samples, taken on March 17, 2012, between the mouth of the RiverBestriţa and upto the exit of the village Cuiejdi. Analysis of water samples was performedin the laboratory of the Department of Geography, at the Faculty ofGeography and Geology and was taken into account several parameters such asconductivity, pH, total acidity, nitrates, chlorine. The values obtainedwere cartographically represented to highlight differences between thesector that cross of the rural area and the sector located in the urbanarea. Water Management System Neamţ realizes assessments of the ecologicaland chemical status of the river Cuejdiu only in urban areas, classifyingwater quality in relation to general indicators. Thus, data obtained over aperiod of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010, and performing through charts,helped us to observe the time evolution of water quality in the area. Theimpact of human activities is evident in both urban and rural areas. In theurban area the connections made by citizens, particularly those who live onthe ground blocks, to the rainwater system, instead of sewerage systems,lead to the degradation of water quality. As regards the rural area, thesituation is just as difficult, meaning that the waste discharged into theriverbed changes the chemical composition of water.

scholarly journals Contrasts between Urban and Rural Climate in CCSM4 CMIP5 Climate Change Scenarios

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1390-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Oleson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Global Population

A new parameterization of urban areas in the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) allows for simulation of temperature in cities where most of the global population lives. CCSM4 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations [Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5] are analyzed to examine how urban and rural areas might respond differently to changes in climate. The urban heat island (UHI), defined as the urban minus rural air temperature, is used as a metric. The average UHI at the end of the twenty-first century is similar to present day in RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, but decreases in RCP8.5. Both the daytime and nocturnal UHIs decrease in RCP8.5, but the decrease in the daytime UHI is larger and more uniform across regions and seasons than in the nocturnal UHI. This is caused by changes in evaporation that warm the rural surface more than the urban. There is significant spatial and seasonal variability in the response of the nocturnal UHI caused mainly by changes in the rural surface. In Europe, the response to climate change of rural leaf–stem area in summer and clouds and rural soil moisture in winter explains the majority of this variability. Climate change increases the number of warm nights in urban areas substantially more than in rural areas. These results provide evidence that urban and rural areas respond differently to climate change. Thus, the unique aspects of the urban environment should be considered when making climate change projections, particularly since the global population is becoming increasingly urbanized.

Urbanization and Mental Health

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Krupinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with over 85% of the population living in metropolitan and other urban areas. More important, the change from a predominantly rural society to an urbanized society has occurred within the last 100 years. To assess the effects of urbanization on mental health, rates of admissions to psychiatric institutions, suicides and violent crime in Victoria have been analysed for the last hundred years. Data on admissions to psychiatric facilities in Victoria from metropolitan, other urban and rural areas, as well as results of community health surveys carried out in metropolitan and rural areas were compared to examine for evidence of urban-rural differences in psychiatric morbidity. The findings do not support the notion that the level of psychiatric and psychosocial disorders in Victoria are related to urbanization or to urban living.

Reckitt Benckiser’s CSR program – capitalizing the rural market

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tauseef Iqbal Khan ◽  
Syed Ali Raza ◽  
Mahesh Devji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Corporate Social

Learning outcomes The learning objectives of this case study are listed below: • What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)? • The role of CSR in creating opportunities to growth. • Distinguish the ways in which social marketing evolved differently in urban and rural areas. • Obstacles in CSR • CSR beyond the competition. Case overview/synopsis The case of CSR by Reckitt Benckiser (RB) follows the marketing practices through purpose-led marketing through CSR. RB Pakistan Limited is a fast-moving consumer goods provider in Pakistan following a vision of the world where people are healthier and live well. The purpose is to make a difference by giving people innovative solutions for healthier lives and happier homes. This means they are expending their capabilities and investing in innovation to stay ahead of the game. RB is trying to achieve this vision by following the strategy of health and hygiene awareness in rural marketing through various types of communications, by introducing low price products to reduce diarrhea and open defecation. In urban areas, the young generation is the trend creators and they are much involved in awareness of state of the world. RB is committed in providing innovative solutions with the help of well-organized programs such as reaching new moms, educating them and providing awareness sessions in schools to students for handwashing practices. RB carries these activities with the help of non-government organizations and small support of Government of Pakistan. Complexity academic level This case is appropriate for MBA (Marketing) courses. The case explains the significance of CSR in capitalizing the growing trend and unleashing untapped areas and remaining competitive by providing innovative solutions. The case can be taught to the strategic marketing students. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

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