A Love That Could Not Be Known

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Hinnershitz
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
The South ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Interracial Sex

While studies of anti-miscegenation laws and interracial sex in the South tend to focus on white and black relationships, Asian Americans were also subjected to Jim Crow discrimination when it came to prohibitions on interracial sex and marriages. The in-between racial and political status of Asians challenged the black-and-white sexual and legal order of the South. This chapter focuses on two court cases from Georgia and Virginia that highlight the complexities of Asian-initiated battles against sexual and racial laws and norms in southern states: the 1932 Annunciatio v. State of Georgia case and the 1955 Naim v. Naim Supreme Court appeal that began in Virginia.

Let Them Plow

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
The Supreme Court

Chapter Two examines a handful of pivotal Supreme Court cases brought against school desegregation at the turn of the century and the first few decades of the 20th century. The Cumming v. Georgia case in 1899 indicated a demand for equality on the basis of taxpayer status that was understood by the plaintiffs to be intertwined with race, a demand that was interpreted by the Supreme Court only in the language of taxation and federalism. This chapter also highlights regional variations and a number of cases brought at the height of Jim Crow segregation by people of color who fell outside the black-white paradigm, even if courts then imposed it on them.

Literary Perspectives on Asian Americans in the South

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Cha
Keyword(s):  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Young Adult Fiction ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Culture ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Asian Immigration

The continued growth of the Asian American population in the US South has redefined the region in terms of its economy, culture, and identity. While the literature associated with the region predominantly focuses on whites and African Americans, several narratives explore the experiences of Asian Americans. These texts span a variety of genres, including memoirs, young adult fiction, and historical analyses. From Chinese immigrant laborers who migrated to the Mississippi Delta during Reconstruction to second-generation Korean Americans growing up in the suburbs of northern Virginia, Asian Americans in the South engender more nuanced interpretations of concepts like race, region, and place-based identities. Writers of Asian descent like Monique Truong and Cynthia Kadohata as well as non-Asian writers like Cynthia Shearer and Robert Olen Butler illustrate the ways in which Asian immigration complicates long-standing notions of Southern culture and identity. Some of their works address the ambiguities of segregation-era racial politics as those defined as neither white nor African American struggle to navigate their place along the color line. These texts feature local-born southerners who perceive Asians as outsiders and in turn, establish both overt and subtler forms of exclusion and surveillance to maintain control. However, the growing visibility of Asians in the region also hints at the possibility of new multiracial and multiethnic coalitions and new communal identities centered on the shared struggle against economic, political, and social inequalities. Several narratives set in the post-Jim Crow South underscore the global networks that connect the South to the rest of the world. Writers have used and continue to employ the Asian American figure as a means to destabilize the white–black racial binary that has long characterized the Southern literary tradition and position the South in a broader, more global context. The emergence of Asian Americans in addition to Latinos and indigenous populations on the Southern literary landscape highlights the diverse cultures and histories that mark the South not as a monolith but rather as a region experiencing constant transformation.

Nixon, the NAACP, and the Courts, 1924–1934

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Ku Klux Klan ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Local State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
The South ◽  
Legal Precedent

This chapter recounts how Nixon helped lay the foundation for Black voting rights in the South as the central plaintiff in two landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases: Nixon v. Herndon (1927) and Nixon v. Condon (1932), and the little-discussed case of Nixon v. McCann (1934), Nixon's third attempt to dismantle the all-white Democratic primary. Nixon, along with the NAACP, helped set legal precedent that ultimately led to the dismantling of all-white primaries throughout the entire South. The political and social climate at the local, state, and national levels during the 1920s, as well as the 1923 Texas law that barred African Americans from voting in the Democratic primaries, compelled Nixon and the NAACP to take action. As these changes were brewing in the South, many—such as the Ku Klux Klan—would come to see them as a threat.

Asian Americans in Dixie

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
American South ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Formations ◽  
The American South

The migrations of Manilamen, Bengali Muslim peddlers, and Chinese merchants and coolies extend the history of Asian Americans in the South into the early nineteenth and twentieth century. Between 1950 and 2000, the Asian American population in the American South increased more than one hundred times, much higher than the national average and the greatest increase among all regions of the United States. Extending the understanding of race and ethnicity in the South beyond the prism of black–white relations, this book explores the growth, impact, and significance of rapidly growing Asian American populations in the American South, and discusses the formation of past and emerging Asian American communities in the region. As the chapters illustrate, Asian Americans have remade the Southern landscape with a visible, vital presence in many towns, suburbs, and cities. Avoiding the usual focus on the East and West Coasts, the book examines the historical and contemporary significance of Asian American migration, religious identities, and racial formations in the South. several chapters attend to the nuanced ways in which Asian Americans negotiate the dominant black and white racial binary, while others provoke readers to reconsider the supposed cultural isolation of the region, reintroducing the South within a historical web of global networks across the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic.

“The law recognizes racial instinct”: Tucker v. Blease and the Black–White Paradigm in the Jim Crow South

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wertheimer ◽  
Jessica Bradshaw ◽  
Allyson Cobb ◽  
Harper Addison ◽  
E. Dudley Colhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Public School ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
State Law ◽  
The South ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
The Law ◽  
Jim Crow South

On January 24, 1913, the trustees of the Dalcho School, a segregated, all-white public school in Dillon County, South Carolina, summarily dismissed Dudley, Eugene, and Herbert Kirby, ages ten, twelve, and fourteen, respectively. According to testimony offered in a subsequent hearing, the boys had “always properly behaved,” were “good pupils,” and “never …exercise[d] any bad influence in school.” Moreover, the boys’ overwhelmingly white ancestry, in the words of the South Carolina Supreme Court, technically “entitled [them] to be classified as white,” according to state law. Nevertheless, because local whites believed that the Kirbys were “not of pure Caucasian blood,” and that therefore their removal was in the segregated school's best interest, the court, in Tucker v. Blease (1914), upheld their expulsion.

scholarly journals Some comments on the current (and future) status of Muslim personal law in South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Christa Rautenbach
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
State Law ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
The South ◽  
The Common ◽  
Personal Law

The state law of South Africa consists of the common law and the customary law. However, in reality there exist various cultural and religious communities who lead their private lives outside of state law. For example, the Muslim community in South Africa is a close-knit community which lives according to their own customs and usages. Muslims are subject to informal religious tribunals whose decisions and orders are neither recognised nor reviewable by the South African courts.The non-recognition of certain aspects of Muslim personal law causes unnecessary hardships, especially for women. A Muslim woman is often in a "catch two" situation. For example, on the one hand her attempts to divorce her husband in terms of Muslim law may be foiled by the relevant religious tribunal and, on the other hand, the South African courts may not provide the necessary relief, because they might not recognise the validity of her Muslim marriage. Increasingly, South African courts are faced with complex issues regarding the Muslim community. The last few years there has been a definite change in the courts' attitude with regard to the recognition of certain aspects of Muslim personal law. Contrary to pre1994 court cases, the recent court cases attempt to develop the common law to give recognition to certain aspects of Muslim personal law. This article attempts to give an overview of the recent case law that dealt with issues regarding the recognition of aspects of Muslim personal law. Another issue, which eventuates from the current situation, is whether the South African legal order should continue to have a dualistic legal order or whether we should opt for a unified legal order or even a pluralistic legal order. In order to address this issue, some comments on the current status of Muslim personal law will be made and, finally, in order to contribute to the debate regarding the recognition of Muslim personal law, optional models for the recognition of Muslim personal law will briefly be evaluated.

An Overview: Catholics in the South and Desegregation, 1945–1970

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-42
Author(s):  
Mark Newman
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
The South ◽  
Majority Opinion ◽  
Southern States ◽  
White Majority

Although segregation laws did not apply to private institutions in most southern states, most prelates were unwilling to defy segregationist white majority opinion, both Protestant and Catholic, and risk opposition that might undermine their primary duty of preserving and spreading the faith. While some ordinaries and many priests supported or accepted segregation, other Catholic prelates, and some clergy and white laity, were troubled by southern segregation and by a growing appreciation that Jim Crow conflicted with Vatican condemnations of racism and support for the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ. Whatever their personal feelings, most prelates ordered desegregation in the postwar decades only in anticipation of, or to correlate with, secular desegregation in their dioceses. By 1970, few southern white Catholics identified themselves as segregationists, and southern Catholic institutions had abandoned overt exclusionary or segregationist practices. Yet, in many cases desegregation of Catholic institutions did not exceed tokenism.

Fade In, Crossroads

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Gone With The Wind ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
Black And White

Fade In, Crossroads is a history of the relations between southerners and motion pictures from the silent era to midcentury. In providing a narrative of the South’s contributions to the film medium from the late nineteenth century through the golden age of Hollywood, it considers the many southerners who worked as inventors, executives, filmmakers, screenwriters, performers, and critics during this period. It explores early production centers within the South as well as the effects of the migration of millions of black and white southerners beyond the region to such destinations as Los Angeles, where they made inroads in the growing film industry. It is also the story of how the rise and fall of the American film industry coincided with the rise and fall of the South’s most important modern product and export—Jim Crow segregation. This work looks at important southern historical legacies on film: the Civil War film tradition (which includes the two most successful films of all time, The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind); the notorious tradition of lynching films during an era of prolific lynching in the South; and the remarkable race film industry, whose independent African American filmmakers forged an important cinematic tradition in response to the racial limitations of both the South and Hollywood. It also examines the activities of southern censorship officials, who utilized the medium in the service of Jim Crow, and traces the influence of film on future Civil Rights Movement figures.

Spatial Segregation and Neighborhoods

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Nightingale
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Separate And Unequal

During the 1890s, the word segregation became the preferred term for the practice of coercing different groups of people, especially those designated by race, to live in separate and unequal urban residential neighborhoods. In the southern states of the United States, segregationists imported the word—originally used in the British colonies of Asia—to describe Jim Crow laws, and, in 1910, whites in Baltimore passed a “segregation ordinance” mandating separate black and white urban neighborhoods. Copy-cat legislation sprang up in cities across the South and the Midwest. But in 1917, a multiracial team of lawyers from the fledgling National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) mounted a successful legal challenge to these ordinances in the U.S. Supreme Court—even as urban segregation laws were adopted in other places in the world, most notably in South Africa. The collapse of the movement for legislated racial segregation in the United States occurred just as African Americans began migrating in large numbers into cities in all regions of the United States, resulting in waves of anti-black mob violence. Segregationists were forced to rely on nonstatutory or formally nonracial techniques. In Chicago, an alliance of urban reformers and real estate professionals invented alternatives to explicitly racist segregation laws. The practices they promoted nationwide created one of the most successful forms of urban racial segregation in world history, rivaling and finally outliving South African apartheid. Understanding how this system came into being and how it persists today requires understanding both how the Chicago segregationists were connected to counterparts elsewhere in the world and how they adapted practices of city-splitting to suit the peculiarities of racial politics in the United States.

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