Flexing a New Womanhood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ula Yvette Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Railroad Station ◽  
Muslim Girls

This chapter details the Muslim Girls Training and General Civilization Class (MGT-GCC) instruction for women. The role of Sister Captain Burnsteen Sharrieff is highlighted along with Lottie and Ethel Muhammad, the daughters of Clara and Elijah Muhammad. Sister Thelma X, a vocal member of the Nation of Islam and her publication, Truth, are examined for both its pro-black and anti-Jewish rhetoric. Sisters Louise Dunlap and Ernestine Scott, two Nation women who defied Jim Crow laws by sitting in a “White Only” section of a railroad station, bring Minister Malcolm X and his future wife, Sister Betty X into the narrative.

Malcolm X : Pengaruh dan Konflik Internal dalam Gerakan Nation of Islam (NOI) di Amerika Serikat (1952-1965)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidik Fauji
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract: This research aim to analyze the influence of Malcom X in the movement of NOI, and how it ignite internal conflict within this organization. The analyze focused on library research by using history research method. History research method requires certain procedures for instance heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography. As a result, there are three significant factors that triggered the violence againt Malcolm X performed by NOI perpetrators. The first factor was assumed on the popularity of Malcolm X whom gained more attention than Elijah Muhammad did. The consequences of Malcolm X’s fame initiated the jelaousy toward him. As a result there was rumour produced by Elijah Muhammad followers on the agenda of coup d’etat  against the leadership of the legal chief of NOI. The next cause of the internal conflict within NOI was the scandal of Elijah Muhammad with his female secretary. The last factor was the Malcolm X opinion on mass media toward the homicide of President Kennedy. Keywords : Influence, Internal Conflict, Malcolm X, NOI. Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh Malcolm X dan konflik internal dalam gerakan NOI. Penelitian ini dipusatkan pada kajian pustaka dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah. Langkah yang dilakukan peneliti yaitu heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah setidaknya ada tiga faktor utama yang menyebabkan konflik Malcolm X dari NOI. Pertama, Malcolm X lebih terkenal dan menjadi tokoh besar dalam gerakan NOI daripada Elijah Muhammad. Ketenarannya merangsang rasa iri dan rumor bahwa dia akan mengambil alih gerakan serta dia ingin lebih berhasil dari Elijah Muhammad. Kedua, kehidupan pribadi Elijah Muhammad yang terguncang oleh skandal perempuan. Ketiga adalah komentar Malcolm X pada pembunuhan Presiden Kennedy.Kata Kunci : Pengaruh, Konflik Internal, Malcolm X, NOI

The Promise of Patriarchy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ula Yvette Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Black Womanhood ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Women's Experience ◽  
Elijah Muhammad

The patriarchal structure of the Nation of Islam (NOI) promised black women the prospect of finding a provider and a protector among the organization’s men, who were fiercely committed to these masculine roles. Black women’s experience in the NOI, however, has largely remained on the periphery of scholarship. This book documents their struggle to escape the devaluation of black womanhood while also clinging to the empowering promises of patriarchy. The author shows how, despite being relegated to a lifestyle that did not encourage working outside of the home, NOI women found freedom in being able to bypass the degrading experiences connected to labor performed largely by working-class black women and in raising and educating their children in racially affirming environments. Telling the stories of women like Clara Poole (wife of Elijah Muhammad) and Burnsteen Sharrieff (secretary to W. D. Fard, founder of the Allah Temple of Islam), the author offers a compelling narrative that explains how their decision to join a homegrown, male-controlled Islamic movement was a complicated act of self-preservation and self-love in Jim Crow America.

Black Muslim Theology and the Classical Islamic Tradition

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Elijah Muhammad ◽  
Black Muslim

Elijah Muhammad declared unapologetically that “God is aman.” This anthropomorphist doctrine does violence to modern normative Islamic articulations of tawú¥d (monotheism), the articulations of which involve God’s “otherness” from the created world. The Nation of Islam (NOI), therefore, has been the target of polemics from Muslim leaders who, from within and without the United States, have declared its irredeemable heterodoxy. But in premodern Islam, heresy was in the eye of the beholder and “orthodoxy” was a precarious and shifting paradigm. This paper attempts to, in the words of Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “examine how the ‘Nation of Islam’ fits into the framework of Islamic heresiology.”

scholarly journals Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism in the European Union, 2018: A New Structural Look

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio DellaPergola
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Similarity Structure ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis paper aims at providing a new systemic contribution to research about perceptions of antisemitism/Judeophobia by contemporary Jews in 12 European Union countries. The perspective – the viewpoint of the offended side – has been less prominent relatively in research literature on antisemitism. The data analysis demonstrates the potential power of Similarity Structure Analysis (SSA) as a better theoretical and empirical tool to describe and conceptualize the contents of chosen research issues. After a brief review of some methodological problems in the study of antisemitism, this paper will re-elaborate data first published in the report of the 2018 FRA study Experiences and Perceptions of Antisemitism – Second survey on Discrimination and Hate Crimes against Jews in the EU (FRA 2018a). Topics include the perceived importance of antisemitism as a societal issue, the contents of anti-Jewish prejudice and discrimination, channels of transmission, perpetrators of offenses, regional differences within Europe, and the role of antisemitism perceptions as a component of Jewish identification. Special attention is paid to the distinction between cognitive and experiential perceptions of antisemitism, and to the typology of practical, populist, political, and narrative antisemitism.

A Review of G. S. ZELENINA, OGNENNYY VRAG MARRANOV: ZHIZN I SMERT POD NADZOROM INKVIZITSII [The Fiery Enemy of the Marranos: Life and Death under the Supervision of the Inquisition]. Moscow; St Petersburg: Center for Humanitarian Initiatives Press, 2018, 396 pp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (49) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Elena Nosenko-Stein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Gender Aspects ◽  
Deviant Sexuality ◽  
Anti Jewish

The book by the well-known historian and anthropologist Galina Zelenina deals with some problems of the historical experience of baptized Jews in the Pyrenean peninsula. The scholar explores some issues of life under the severe control of the Inquisition and social surroundings through the perspective of cultural anthropology, stressing the problems of the “silent majority” and its identity. Zelenina emphasizes that conversos were located between two worlds whilst being Others to both, relativists and multiculturalists of the period. She also stresses the ethnic and racial aspects of enmity towards Marranos in Spain and Portugal. This ethnic component of anti-Jewish attitudes were, according to the author, first signs of the racial anti-Semitism of the 19th–20th centuries. Drawing on various sources, Zelenina considers different issues of the life and experiences of crypto-Jews under circumstances of control and hatred. Among these were rites of passage, rituals which canceled baptism, the role of women in the rituals of “new Christians”, general gender aspects of the culture of conversos, food practices of Marranos, and the specific “competition” of narratives about sanctity between Christians and crypto-Jews. The scholar pays attention to the specifics of the bloody libel against “new Christians” in Spain and deviant sexuality which was often connected with Jews and Marranos. Concluding her book, Zelenina returns to the racial aspect of many accusations against Jews of the period under investigation and considers them from an anthropological perspective.

Black American Involvement in South Africa's Race Issue

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Clement Tsehloane Keto
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Double Consciousness ◽  
Black American ◽  
Race Discrimination ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Firsthand Experience ◽  
Made In

People of African descent in America occupy a singular position in relation to the race problems faced by Blacks in South Africa. Many Afro-Americans have had firsthand experience with the practice of race discrimination either in its blatant Jim Crow manifestations or in its more covert institutional forms. This common experience with race discrimination in South Africa and the United States makes it possible, for example, to correlate W.E.B. Dubois' description of the warring “double consciousness” of the black American made in 1903 with the expressions of frustration written by Albert Luthuli in 1962. This commonality also establishes a basis from which a meaningful assessment can be made regarding the historical role of black Americans in the race issue of South Africa.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Brent M. S. Campney
Keyword(s):  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Mob Violence ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Sundown Towns ◽  
White Settlers

The conclusion synthesizes the book’s themes. Substantively, it summarizes racist violence and its temporal and spatial adaptations, exclusion and the growth of sundown towns, Jim Crow restrictions and their expansion, and police and their appropriation of mob violence. It reviews the black response through armed resistance, legal, journalistic, and organizational challenges, and concentration of population in cities. It assesses the role of modernity in facilitating these changes. In terms of methodology, the conclusion highlights a more nuanced assessment of targeted violence against black families. In historiographic terms, it suggests that the fear of interracial sex in the Midwest pre-dated that in the South, that the concentration of blacks motivated more racist violence than did the origin of the white settlers, and that situational suicides by blacks faced with imminent death require more critical interrogation.

Revolutionary Name Choices

Free the Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 79-112
Author(s):  
Edward Onaci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Fundamental Form ◽  
Black Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malcolm X ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Group Self ◽  
Naming Practices

This chapter focuses primarily on the ideas behind and the practice of naming. It argues that name choices are the most fundamental form of individual and group self-determination developed by New Afrikans (and Black Power activists more generally). This chapter historicizes black naming practices in the United States, covering their importance from the era of racial slavery to the moments when Nation of Islam and Malcolm X, among others, were helping instil Black pride in mid-twentieth century African Americans. Specifically, it examines the ways that individual and group names, identity, cartography, and orthography became effective tools for the mechanics of liberation struggle. Taken for granted by both the name studies scholarship and histories of the Black Power Movement, this consideration of naming encourages scholars and activists to think more deeply and critically about the value of politically conscious naming practices.

The Day after the Pogrom: A Documentary Account

2000 ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Józef Bekker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Vexed Question ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Town

This chapter assesses the wave of pogroms of 1903–06. The pogrom in Siedlce, which took place in September of 1906, was the last outbreak of the wave of violence which began in Kishinev in April of 1903. The main railway line from Warsaw to Terespol and on to Moscow ran through the town and was responsible for its expansion in the last part of the nineteenth century. It also accounted both for its strategic importance and for the presence there of a significant socialist movement. These factors explain the role of the Russian army, and in particular the Libau regiment, as well as the Monarchist League in organizing the pogrom. Estimates of Jewish casualties range from twenty-three dead to 100 dead and 300 wounded. The chapter highlights an account written in Russian by Józef Bekker, who was a well-known Yiddish journalist. Bekker's account illustrates many aspects of the problems raised by the wave of pogroms of 1903–06, in particular the vexed question of the degree to which this was orchestrated centrally and the role of the army and local tsarist officials in initiating anti-Jewish violence.

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