The Problems of Race Discrimination and Sex Discrimination Meet in Me, 1961–1973

Pauli Murray ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 206-251
Author(s):  
Troy R. Saxby
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Student Activists ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
National Organization For Women ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
The Status ◽  
Teaching Award ◽  
Second Wave

This chapter focuses on Pauli Murray’s contributions to Second Wave Feminism. Murray served on the President’s Commission on the Status of Women, campaigned to retain the sex amendment to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and cofounded the National Organization for Women. She also became the first African American to complete a law doctorate at Yale. Murray gained employment at Benedict College in South Carolina before moving to Brandeis University where she clashed with Black Power student activists over the establishment of Black Studies programs. Murray also won a teaching award and innovated Women’s Studies courses.

scholarly journals 'Sex' and Religion after Bostock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin S. Pandya ◽  
Marcia McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Employment Discrimination ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
The U.S

This paper reviews the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Bostock v. Clayton County (2020). There, the Court held that by barring employer discrimination against any individual “because of such individual’s . . . sex,” Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also bars employment discrimination because an individual is gay or transgender. The paper then speculates about how much Bostock will affect how likely lower court judges will read other “sex” discrimination prohibitions in the U.S. Code in the same way, in part based on a canvass of the text of about 150 of those prohibitions. The paper also discusses the religion-based defenses that defendants may raise in response under Title VII itself, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

1975 The Year of Women

Making Waves ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Diana Holmes ◽  
Imogen Long
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Student Movement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Themes ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave

The relationship between 1970s French radical feminists (the MLF) and Françoise Giroud, the first ‘Minister for Women’ in France, was a difficult one. Second-wave feminism in France was grounded in the contestation of the status quo, in the wake of the 1960s student movement out of which some of the groups emerged. Being part of the political establishment was therefore in itself an anathema to some second-wave feminists, as can be seen, for example, by satirical feminist films mocking Giroud’s role and her interventions. Through the prism of 1975, officially declared ‘International Women’s Year’ by the United Nations, this chapter explores the key campaigning and cultural themes of the MLF and their relationship to Giroud’smore reformist and, arguably, impossible task as Minister for Women.

“The Foul Odors of Blacks”

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Peter Irons
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
State Action ◽  
The Public ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
White Resistance ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Reconstruction Period

This chapter covers the post-Reconstruction period and the Supreme Court’s rejection of laws to protect Blacks’ use of “public accommodations” on an equal basis with Whites, and the Court’s later upholding of Jim Crow laws that required segregation of Blacks and Whites. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, barring discrimination against Blacks’ access to places such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, and railway coaches. Ruling in 1883 in five cases from Kansas, California, Tennessee, New York, and Missouri under the caption of Civil Rights Cases, the Court struck down the “public accommodations” provision, holding that “private” businesses could not be regulated without a showing of “state action” in their operation. This ruling drew a sharp dissent from Justice John Marshall Harlan, who argued that businesses serving the public are subject to regulation. The chapter also recounts violent White resistance to Black voting, with South Carolina senator “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman as leader of a White group known as Red Shirts in murdering Blacks. The chapter concludes with discussion of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1895, holding that Louisiana could provide “separate but equal” railway coaches for Blacks and Whites, over another solitary dissent by Justice Harlan, arguing the Constitution is “color-blind” and protects Blacks from state-imposed discrimination.

Privacy, Efficiency, and the Equality of Men and Women: A Revisionist View of Sex Discrimination in Employment

1981 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-636
Author(s):  
Mayer G. Freed ◽  
Daniel D. Polsby
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Maintenance Of Sex ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Per Se

The Supreme Court's decision inCity of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manharthas engendered a considerable debate, much of which has appeared in the pages of thisJournal. Defenders of theManhartdecision take its critics to task for failure to appreciate the place of that decision in the overall jurisprudence of employment discrimination. In this article, the authors challenge the underlying conception of the law of sex discrimination that is said to dictate the result inManhart. Far from erecting a per se rule against all sex classifications, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is shown to recognize both the relevance of prevalent social norms about sex differences and the legitimacy of certain interests of employers as limited justifications for the maintenance of sex-conscious lines in some circumstances, a recognition that contrasts sharply with the statute's categorical prohibition on racial classifications. It follows from this discussion thatManhart'soutcome was not ordained by the ethos of the laws against sex discrimination.

scholarly journals New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles: A Cultural Map of the Beat Generation

Linguaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Andreea Cosma
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Beat Generation ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
The Status ◽  
American Society ◽  
Traditional Norms

This paper explores the topographical and socio-cultural developments during the Golden Age in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, three Beat Generation epicenters, which determined the deconstruction of traditional norms. Modifications at both city and society levels were represented by the emergence of countercultures, such as the Beat. The visibility received by urban problems, due to the increase in social demonstrations and activism, fostered the formation of a unified front that demanded equality and encouraged social and political movements, such as the Civil Rights and the Second Wave Feminism. The socio-political challenges which the American society was confronted with from the 1950s to the 1970s in these three cities, also reveal a few problems regarding the status of the Beats as well as of minorities in metropolises.

scholarly journals One Is a Claim, Two Is a Defense: Bringing an End to the Equal Opportunity Harasser Defense

2005 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Immediate Supervisor ◽  
Almost Continuous

Consider the following three workplace scenarios. Alice, a female employee at ABC corporation, has been subjected to almost continuous harassment by her immediate supervisor, Bob, for the past two months. Several times each week, Bob makes crude and sexually suggestive comments and, on numerous occasions, Bob has touched Alice inappropriately in the workplace. Assuming Alice attempts to remedy this situation in a reasonable time period and her employer has unreasonably failed “to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior,” Alice will most likely be able to bring a hostile workplace sex discrimination claim against her employer for Bob’s sexual harassment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.3

scholarly journals “Where We Are, Resistance Lives”: Black Women, Social Media, and Everyday Resistance in Higher Education

JCSCORE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Terah J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Black Feminist Thought ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
Everyday Resistance ◽  
Second Wave

The discourse about activism (and problematic conflations with resistance) typically offer comparisons to the 1960’s Civil Rights Movement, examine first and second wave feminism, and situate apathy and fatigue as opposite from resistance. Using a qualitative research design (Merriam, 2009; 2002), Black feminist thought (Collins, 1990), and endarkened feminist epistemology (Dillard, 2006); this study examined the experience of 6 collegiate Black women and their resistance through engagement of the hashtag, #BlackGirlMagic. Specifically, the inquiry explored how and why participants used the hashtag and investigated connections that give nuance to activism and resistance through community building, digital counterspace creation, and connections to higher education broadly. Findings include how participants conceptualize and define resistanceand how #BlackGirlMagic serves as one way they can and do engage in resistance; and the author explores relevant implications for colleges and universities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document