scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Golf Course Cart Club And Ball Accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Liptai ◽  
Johnstone Michael
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Club ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Contact Sport ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Forensic Engineering

With Over 27.8 Million Golfers And More Than 16,000 Golf Facilities In The United States, Golf Is A Non-Contact Sport With Statistically Low Risk For Injury. However, Research Has Documented Golf Related Injuries Can Be Disproportionally Serious Or Even Fatal. Federal Regulations And Countermeasures To Improve Golf Safety Are Outlined. A Spectrum Of Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Golf-Related Incidents Illustrates The Broad Range Of Resulting Trauma. Categories Of Golf Incidents Include: Cart Collisions With Other Vehicles Resulting From Mixed Use On Automotive Roadways, Cart Solo Incidents Including Ejection With And Without Rollover, Errant Golf Ball Impacts, Inadvertent Golf Club Impacts, Trip And Fall Incidents As Well As Golf Cart Fires.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis Of A Kite Surfing Accident

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
The United States ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Quick Release ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Foreign Standard ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Proper Operation

The Investigation Of Recreational Accidents Often Involves An Analysis Of Unique Circumstances And Unique Equipment Not Commonly Found In More Traditional Forensic Engineering Investigations. In The Case Of The Kite Surfing Accident Which Is The Subject Of This Paper, It Was Alleged That The Quick-Release Mechanism Failed To Function Properly, Which Caused The User To Be Dragged To A Rocky Shore Causing Injuries. The Engineer Had To Familiarize Himself With The Various Components Of The Kite And Harness System, How The Interaction Of Those Components Under The Control Of The User Led To The Accident, And How The Accident Could Have And Should Have Been Avoided. Conditions Specific To The Subject Accident Were Investigated, Including The User Familiarity With Equipment And Emergency Protocols, Wind Patterns Present At The Time Of The Accident, And Geography Of The Accident Location. Finally, Research Revealed That There Were No Standards Or Regulation Of The Kite Surfing Industry In The United States, But That The Manufacturers Of The Equipment Claimed Compliance With A Foreign Standard. The Equipment Was Then Tested To Determine Whether It Was In Compliance With That Foreign Standard. This Paper Will Address The Proper Operation Of The Kite Surfing Equipment, And Will Describe The Testing That Was Performed By The Engineer To Determine The Effectiveness Of The Quick-Release Component Of The System. It Also Addresses Actions That Were Taken By The User To Attempt Avoidance Of The Accident.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Riding Lawnmower Child Backover Blade Contact Accidents

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smith Reed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Information Time ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Distance Data ◽  
Slow Moving

Since The Mid 1960s, The Popularity And Use Of Riding Lawnmowers And Lawn & Garden Tractors In The United States Have Grown Steadily. With The Growing Popularity Of These Machines Has Also Come Increased Numbers Of Riding Mower-Related Accidents, Including Children Being Backed Over Or Run Over And Injured By The Mowers Spinning Blades. Reconstructing Such Child Backover Or Runover Blade Contact Accidents Requires The Forensic Engineer To Pay Specific Attention To Certain Factors That Are Unique To Such Incidents... While This Paper Provides Background Information About Child Backover Blade Contact Accidents, And Provides Information About No-Mow-In-Reverse, The Primary Purpose Is To Offer A Tool That Has Been Found To Be Helpful And Effective In Organizing, Analyzing And Displaying Information, Time-Related Events And Travel Distance Data In Off-Road Slow-Moving-Event Accidents, Accidents Such As Child Backover Blade Contact Accidents, So That A Reasoned Reconstruction Of The Accident Can Be Developed, A Range Of Assumptions Can Be Studied, And What If Questions Can Be Isolated And Compared - All In A Format Understandable To The Layperson.

scholarly journals 334 Pet food safety: truth in labeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 63-64
Author(s):  
David Edwards ◽  
Charlotte Conway
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Feed Control ◽  
Labeling Requirements ◽  
Animal Safety ◽  
Intended Use

Abstract In the United States, substances intended for use in animal foods are generally considered to be either animal foods or animal drugs. The regulatory classification of a substance relies on its intended use. Claims for substances that are regulated as animal foods are limited to those that can be attributed to the substance’s “food” properties, which the courts in the United States have defined as being related to the provision of nutritive value, taste, or aroma or for a technical effect on the food itself. Any substance intentionally added to an animal food must be either an approved food additive as listed in part 573 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 573) or a substance that is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for an intended use, including those listed in 21 CFR 582 and 584. Also, in coordination with state feed control officials, CVM recognizes ingredients in the Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) as being acceptable for use in animal foods. Everything on a pet food label must be truthful, not misleading, and appropriate for a product regulated as food. Federal regulations (21 CFR 501) require that labels include: an appropriate product name, all ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight, a statement of net quantity of contents, and the address of manufacturer or distributor. Most states have additional labeling requirements. Studies conducted for scientific research need to be evaluated to determine if the endpoints and parameters measured are also appropriate as regulatory data. Feeding studies may address target animal safety and/or utility of the substance for its intended use as a food. CVM will provide written feedback on protocols intended to address new feed ingredients.

scholarly journals Cost Implications and Complications of Overtreatment of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayal A. Aizer ◽  
Xiangmei Gu ◽  
Ming-Hui Chen ◽  
Toni K. Choueiri ◽  
Neil E. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Low Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cost Implications

scholarly journals First Report of Subanguina radicicola, the Root-Gall Nematode Infecting Poa annua Putting Greens in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Mitkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
First Report

In the fall of 2006, a golf course in Snoqualmie, WA renovated five putting greens with commercially produced Poa annua L. sod from British Columbia, Canada. Prior to the renovation, the greens had been planted with Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. Providence, which was removed during the renovation. In February of 2007, chlorotic patches were observed on the newly established P. annua greens. When the roots were examined, extensive galling was observed throughout plant roots. Galls were slender and twisted in appearance and less than one millimeter long. Upon dissection of washed galls, hundreds of eggs were exuded into the surrounding water droplet and both mature male and female nematodes were observed. Further morphometric examination of males, females, and juvenile nematodes demonstrated that they were Subanguina radicicola (Greef 1872) Paramanov 1967 (1). Amplification of nematode 18S, ITS1, and 5.8S regions, using previously published primers (2), resulted in a 100% sequence match with the publicly available sequence for S. radicicola, GenBank Accession No. AF396366. Each P. annua plant had an average of six galls (with a range of 1 to 8), primarily located within the top 2 cm of the soil. All five new P. annua putting greens at the golf course were infested with the nematode. Additionally, P. annua from two A. stolonifera cv. Providence greens that had not been renovated was infected, suggesting that the population occurred onsite and was not imported from the Canadian sod. S. radicicola has been identified as causing severe damage in New Brunswick, Canada on P. annua putting greens and in wild P. annua in the northwestern United States, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the nematode affecting P. annua on a golf course in the United States. References: (1) E. L. Krall. Wheat and grass nematodes: Anguina, Subanguina, and related genera. Pages 721–760 in: Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. (2) N. A. Mitkowski et al. Plant Dis. 86:840, 2002.

scholarly journals The Forensic Engineer in State and Federal Court

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Ziernicki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Court System ◽  
Civil Lawsuits ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
And Function

This paper outlines the legal system in the United States, the different types of courts, the differences between criminal and civil law, and the role of forensic engineering experts involved in civil lawsuits. After providing a summary of relevant procedures employed by civil and criminal courts, the paper describes the basic principles and requirements for the selection and work of a forensic engineering expert in both the state and federal court system. This paper outlines the role and function of forensic experts (specifically forensic engineers), in the United States court system. It is not a treatise on the legal system but on the role of experts. The paper presents the requirements typically used in today’s legal system to qualify a forensic engineer as an expert witness and to accept his or her work and opinions. Furthermore, this paper discusses who can be an expert witness, the expert’s report, applicable standards, conducted research, engineering opinions, and final testimony in court — and how those elements fit into the legal system. Lastly, the paper describes the concept of spoliation of evidence.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Investigation of Above-Ground Pool Submersion Accidents

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ziernicki ◽  
William H. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Adult Supervision ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Product Defect ◽  
Engineering Investigation ◽  
Alternative Designs

In the United States, approximately 35 children under the age of five years old drown each year after access-ing above-ground pools via pool ladders. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) data also shows that approximately 486 additional children sustain submersion-related injuries after accessing above-ground pools via pool ladders. In many cases, these events occurred during brief lapses of adult supervision. This paper fo-cuses on potential product defect issues related to child submersion accidents, including the role of user manuals, alternative designs, warnings, instructions, and child behavior testing. The authors examine the issues related to the investigation of above-ground swimming pool submersion accidents. In addition, procedures and steps are outlined that may be useful in analyzing whether the swimming pool is defective and unreasonably dangerous.

Home Care for Sale

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-76
Author(s):  
Richard Schweid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Home Health Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Gray Market ◽  
Emotional Demands ◽  
And Training

This chapter begins by assessing the psychological and emotional demands of home care work. It then explains how home care, like other aspects of health care in the United States, is a marketplace commodity. Because need is so great, this commodification of home health care has proved tremendously profitable to the agencies serving as middlemen. In theory, these agencies impose a certain quality control, carefully screening and training the aides they send out to work. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Those agencies that work on a strictly private-pay basis and do not accept Medicaid clients are not subject to the federal regulations and are not legally required to provide aides with any training whatsoever. Moreover, the high cost of using agencies has generated a vast gray market for aides who work freelance and privately, without working for an agency or under any supervision other than that of the client and the client's family.

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