scholarly journals REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RIGHTS AND LEGAL INTERESTS IN THE SPHERE OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE UKRAINIAN PROVINCES IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-231
Author(s):  
Dmytro Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationship ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
The Russian Empire

scholarly journals Католический врач для калмыцкого хана: к характеристике вероисповедной политики на южных окраинах Российской империи (начало 60-х гг. XVIII в.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-259
Author(s):  
Andrey S. Ryazhev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Times ◽  
Specific Interests

Introduction. The article concentrates on the religious policy of the Russian Empire in the Early Modern Time. For the first time in historiography, a study was carried out concerning the activities of Catholic missionaries in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the attempts of the Capuchin Order to establish contacts with the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi. Materials and methods. The study is based on mostly unpublished materials from the political and diplomatic correspondence of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and the legislation of the first half of the 1760s, characterizing the methods and territorial scope of the missionaries activity, in particular, their penetration into the Kalmyk steppe. The methodology of the study has been determined by the structural and functional approach to the system of state bodies of Russia. In combination with this approach, a historical-genetic method was used, which is optimal for the study of changes in the power system of the Russian Empire from the beginning of the 18th century through the first half of the 1760s. Results. The section demonstrates the reasons for the aspiration of the Capuchin Order to the North Caucasus and the place of the Kalmyk Khanate in missionary plans, describes the standard epoch-specific missionary techniques for influencing the non-Catholic population. It has been determined that the Capuchins, relying on the support of Austrian diplomacy, bypassed the formal restrictions on missionary activity in the studied region, which could not but cause religious friction. The activity of Russian institutions to resolve differences of this kind is traced, the difficulties encountered by the authorities in the capital and especially at the local level in connection with the need for an appropriate settlement are shown. At the same time, it is emphasized that the specific interests of secular and spiritual bodies in such cases did not coincide, which had a long-standing and stable character in the south. The dynamics of the attitude of the Russian authorities towards missionaries in the Russian south is outlined. If under the conditions of the “Austrian system” — orientation towards the Austrian court, which had been in Russian diplomacy since the times of Peter the Great and under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, their position was favorable, then after the accession of Catherine II and the crisis in Russian-Austrian relations, the possibilities of missionaries in the North Caucasus and the Kalmyk steppes were significantly limited. The author states that in the process of settling religious tensions, the Russian authorities in the early 1760s faced a weak legal framework both in relation to non-Orthodox religions and in general. The solution to the problem was outlined with the accession of Catherine II and in connection with the empress’s policy in the spheres of religion and law.

scholarly journals Legal bases of activity of adjutants of a separate corps of gendarmes of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century – the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Bril’ ◽  
Leonid N. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The work highlights the activities of adjutants of the political police, their place and role in the work of the gendarmerie apparatus of the Russian Empire. The source base of the research was made up of archival documents and materials, memoirs of the employees of the Kostroma provincial gendarmerie department, rotmistrov A.M. Polyakov and V.V. Parfyonov. The authors have studied the legal framework governing the activities of adjutants of a separate corps of gendarmes, the directions of their activities, as well as their place and role in the structure of the security body. The article studies the historical and legal foundations of the creation, development and functioning of the institute of adjutant of a separate corps of gendarmes on the territory of the Russian Empire, and their main directions. Conclusions are drawn about the formation and development of a separate corps of gendarmes of the Russian Empire, as well as the special role of its adjutants in the field of external and internal security. The continuity and significance of law enforcement agencies in the historical context is emphasised.

scholarly journals “A Gauntlet” by Bjornstjerne Martinius Bjørnson and “Vera: One for Many: From a Girl's Diary” by Bettina Dorothea Kris in the context of a public discussion about male chastity and double morality in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Anna I. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the controversy that arose in the public space of the Russian Empire after the publication in Russian of two resonant works of fiction – “A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and “One for Many” by Betty Kris – and gave impetus to the development of ethical views broadcast by their authors. In these books, translated into Russian with a difference of almost ten years, practically identical innovative and, one might say, sensational ideas for their time are expressed – Svava and Vera, the main heroines of the works, advocate the abolition of “unjust dual morality” and expect from a man the same premarital “purity”, the preservation of which was traditionally required exclusively from a woman within the framework of the patriarchal paradigm of marriage and family relations. The call for the abolition of double standards, expressed by B.Bjørnson and B.Kris (and embodied, which is important, precisely through the women, the heroines of their works), was directly related to the women’s movement developing during this period. There were incomparably more opponents of the ideas broadcast by the authors, who continued to adhere to the traditional view of sexual morality and the position of women in society, than its supporters. However, the very fact that such a discussion appeared in the public field and the fact that a number of representatives of the medical community, public figures, writers and journalists supported these ideas, speaks of the changes that have already begun to take place in the public consciousness.

scholarly journals Struktura szkolnictwa w imperium rosyjskim na początku XIX wieku. Zarys problemu

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Andrzej Szmyt
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Fourth Decade ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Having ascended the throne, Tsar Alexander established for the first time the Ministry of Education in 1802. Then the legal framework for the modern education in the Russian Empire was devised by a document called The Provisional Regulations of Public Enlightenment of the Russian Empire enacted 24th of January 1803, whereby six educational (school) districts were erected. The universities rode herd on schools. Next rescripts determined a.o. relations between schools and their policy. The system lasted until the fourth decade of the 19th century when Tsar started to restrict the autonomy of universities as well as unify their structure and educational system.

EDUCATIONAL, CORRECTIVE AND EDUCATIVE WORKS WITH PRISONERS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT REFORMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (35) ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
S.D. Galiullina ◽  
◽  
A.I. Kadyrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that nowadays in Russia in the context of continuous changes in all spheres of social life, the problems of reforming and modernizing government institutions, including the state penitentiary system, are raised. Studying the history of the prison system formation is of great importance for understanding the regularities of the functioning of the penitentiary system in the present, since, based on the experience of organizing and managing in places of deprivation of liberty of a particular historical period, it is possible to identify its role and influence on the penitentiary system of Russia as a whole. The interdisciplinary approach to the problem, based on the methods used in the historical, political, social, and economic studies, is of particular importance for scientific novelty. In this regard, the interdisciplinary character brings novelty to historical study. For the first time, previously unpublished sources and data are introduced into scientific circulation. The set problems are also particularly relevant in terms of educational and correctional work with prisoners. When applying the world-system analysis and civilizational approach, the subject of the work is presented as the evolution of the totality of all spheres of social development. In our understanding, the historicity of human nature separated from politics, economics, psychology, education, culture of society is impossible. This correlates with the developments of Fernand Braudel and the legacy of the School of the Annals. The civilizational approach made it possible to see the social and non-social components that influence the type of spiritual values and the historical stages of cultural-historical types related to the theory of N. Y. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee. When analyzing the legal framework and historiographical review, methods such as the method of chronological sequence, historical-systematic, and descriptive were used. This article analyzes the formation and development of the penitentiary system during the postreform period of Russian history from the second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century. Special attention is paid to the study of educational and correctional work with prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty. At the end of the research, important conclusions are drawn. First, the research is extremely relevant and needs further deepening and study of unpublished sources with their introduction into scientific circulation. Secondly, the government of the Russian Empire pursued a systematic policy of developing and strengthening the legal framework to prevent antisocial behavior among prisoners. Thirdly, the legislative base of the Russian Empire was not only declarative towards imprisonment, but also took into account prisoners’ rights to spiritual and moral correction. The government introduced a system of guardianship over prisoners, special prison guardianship, which is so necessary in our time.

scholarly journals «HOW CAN I MARRY YOU WHEN I AM MARRIED?» DIVORCE IN PERM PROVINCE IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
V. V. Belosludtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Revolution

The article discusses the problems of divorce in the Perm province in the late 19th − early 20th centuries. The author describes the causes and dynamics of divorces, analyzes the divorce cases of representatives of the philistine estate in Perm and reveals the difficulties faced by spouses who wanted to end family relationships. In the 19th − early 20th centuries, matters of marriage and family were related to the church department, which by all means tried to limit divorces. It was assumed that marriages should be maintained throughout life and only death could separate the spouses. A formal divorce could be made by a formal spiritual court at the suit of one of the spouses in the presence of strictly regulated reasons, which were few. Although the process of divorce was as complicated as possible, the number of divorces was slowly but steadily growing. The process became especially noticeable after 1905. Divorce proceedings in the Perm province in the late 19th − early 20th centuries were largely similar to the processes taking place in the Russian Empire as a whole, but there were some features. In particular, in the province, the percentage of divorces due to adultery was slightly lower in the period after the revolution of 1905, but the percentage of divorces because of the reference to hard labor in Siberia and the unknown absence of one of the spouses was higher. Adultery was almost the only reason for divorce among Perm bourgeoisie; the rest were extremely rare and did not significantly affect the demographic parameters of the family.

scholarly journals Organizational and legal framework for execution of punishments by the military police in the Russian Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
A. A. KULYUKIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Military Police ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Military

The article examines the issues of execution of punishments against military personnel by the military police in the Russian Empire. The functions of the military police related to the execution of punishments in the army are determined, a description of the stages of development of this institution (from the 17th century to the 20th century) is given, in particular, depending on the reform of legislation, the creation of new institutions for the execution of sentences, four stages are identified: 1) 1621–1716, 2) 1717–1826, 3) 1827– 1867, 4) 1868–1917. It is concluded that the genesis of the penal system is a structured and purposeful process of transforming the relevant institutions. The need to apply the experience accumulated in the army of the Russian Empire is emphasized.

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