BONE TOOLS OF TANNING PRODUCTION OF TALDYSAY SETTLEMENT

The article describes the bone and antler industry in the Taldysay settlement. In the settlement of Taldysai many tools and products from the bones of cattle and small ruminants were found, and the purposes of their use were different. They were widely used in metalworking, ceramics processing, and leatherworking. In the late Bronze Age, there were many types of farms in the Taldysai settlements. In particular, leather processing was an important production of ancient people. The article describes the main types of bone tools used in the leather industry and the results of trasological research. The trasological (use wear analysis) analysis allowed the authors to distinguish and characterize the groups of the tools found in the settlement: puffins, polished astragals of small cattle, prosplitting, and scrapers. The general and specific features of each of the hand-made tools, their functions and applications. Considering the types of bone tools, we see that the method of leather processing by the Taldysai population in the Bronze Age consisted of several processes, and they produced leather goods of very high quality

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From Texts and Iconography to Use-Wear Analysis of Ceramic Vessels

Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology ◽

10.1558/jma.19472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 185-210

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Lis ◽

Trevor Van Damme

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Wear Analysis ◽

Use Wear ◽

Long Time ◽

Ceramic Vessels ◽

Repeated Use ◽

Funerary Rites

While handwashing is attested in the Bronze Age cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and appears in both Linear B records and Homeric epics, the custom has not been discussed with regard to the material culture of Mycenaean Greece. On analogy with Egyptian handwashing equipment, we explore the possibility that a conical bowl made of bronze and copied in clay was introduced in Greece early in the Late Bronze Age for this specific use. We integrate epigraphic, iconographic and formal analyses to support this claim, but in order to interrogate the quotidian function of ceramic lekanes, we present the results of use-wear analysis performed on 130 examples. As use-wear develops from repeated use over a long time, it is a good indicator of normative behaviour, particularly when large datasets are amassed and contrasted with other shapes. While not conclusive, our results allow us to rule out a function as tableware for food consumption, and in combination with all other analyses support the interpretation of lekanes as handwashing basins. We then trace the development of this custom from its initial adoption by elite groups to its spread among new social classes and venues after the collapse of the palace system: at home, as part of communal feasting and sacrifice or as an element of funerary rites. The widespread distribution of handwashing equipment after 1200 bc closely mirrors the situation in our earliest surviving Greek Iron Age texts and joins a growing body of evidence pointing to strong continuity in social practices between the Postpalatial period and the early Iron Age in Greece.

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Bio-agent de retanare utilizat in procesarea pieilor si procedeu de obtinere

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.11.7663 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 3878-3880

Author(s):

Rodica Roxana Constantinescu ◽

Gabriel A. Zainescu ◽

Marian Crudu ◽

Gheorghe Bostaca

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Leather Industry ◽

Complex Products ◽

Leather Processing ◽

Protein Waste ◽

Starting Point ◽

Filling Agent ◽

Treatment And Disposal ◽

Biochemical Degradation ◽

Very High

Currently, the leather industry has to deal with very high costs for waste treatment and disposal. As a result, it is recommended to subject the organic protein waste from tanning to biochemical treatments for recycling in the industry. The degree of novelty lies primarily in the fact that the starting point of the promoted technologies is obtaining new complex products by processing organic waste and using it in tanneries. The lime fleshings resulting from the hide fleshing operation represents the highest amount of reusable leather material of approx. 25%. This paper presents an innovative process for the biochemical degradation of hide waste resulting from hide fleshing in order to obtain a retanning/filling agent used in leather processing.

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The Use and Significance of Socketed Axes During the Late Bronze Age

European Journal of Archaeology ◽

10.1179/eja.2003.6.2.119 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 119-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ben Roberts ◽

Barbara S. Ottaway

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Experimental Work ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Late Bronze Age ◽

Parallel Development ◽

Wear Analysis ◽

Use Wear

The widespread employment and acceptance of use-wear analysis on materials such as flint and bone has not been accompanied by a parallel development in archaeometallurgy. This article explores its potential and problems through the investigation of socketed axes in eastern Yorkshire, in England and south-east Scotland during the late Bronze Age. Experimental work on modern replications of socketed axes was compared with wear traces on prehistoric socketed axes. The results indicate that prehistoric socketed axes had been used as multi-purpose tools, but that the nature and extent of their uses before deposition varied considerably. By combining use-wear analysis with contextual information on socketed axes in the late Bronze Age landscape, ideas concerning their significance can be explored.

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The Early Bronze Age Flint Dagger in England and Wales

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia ◽

10.1017/s095884180002617x ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 340-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. F. Grimes

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

England And Wales ◽

Simple Leaf ◽

The Subject ◽

The Bronze Age ◽

Very High

The chronology of the flint dagger which is the subject of the present paper has been discussed by R. A. Smith, who established the date of the type in the first phase of the Bronze Age, the period to which it had already been assigned by Montelius. A summary ot the list made by Mr. Smith is given in Appendix II below (p. 354-5); the few examples recorded with datable associations since 1919 bring the total up to 26.Sir John Evans's description, adopted by Mr. Smith, gives the length and breadth of the type as varying generally between 5 and 7 ins. and 1½ to 2½ ins. respectively, although both larger and smaller examples occur. The blades are thin in proportion to their length, and lanceolate in outline, although in this respect there is a certain amount of variation. Both faces are flaked, and the working is generally of a very high character. In some cases major excrescences have been reduced by grinding.Some typological development may be observed in the forms, although this cannot be compared with the elaborate evolution of the well-known Scandinavian series (below, p. 350). The changes take place in the butt. The earliest form typoiogically speaking, would seem to be a simple leaf-shaped blade, the widest part of which is approximately at the middle. There is no distinction between blade and tang or handle, and the latter is generally rounded off. Such daggers as the Green Low, Alsop Moor (Appendix I, no. 27, and fig. 1), and Acklam Wold (126) examples represent this form. It is not always easy to decide, however, whether other blades approximating to this shape represent a so-called prototype, and care has also to be taken to differentiate surface-found laurel-leaf blades of Solutrean age, although these are more usually pointed at both ends.

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Recycling in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age: evidence of flint recycling at Ein-Zippori, Israel

Journal of Lithic Studies ◽

10.2218/jls.2666 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoni Parush ◽

Richard Yerkes ◽

Bar Efrati ◽

Ran Barkai ◽

Gopher Avi

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Late Neolithic ◽

Separate Paper ◽

Lithic Assemblages ◽

Wear Analysis ◽

Use Wear

This paper presents a new techno-typological analysis of a sample of small flakes that were produced through recycling from discarded blanks at the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age site of Ein-Zippori, Lower Galilee, Israel. This study shows that the systematic production of small flakes from previously discarded blanks was not related to a scarcity in raw materials, but rather to specific decisions concerning the types of tools needed to complete necessary tasks. These results are supported by use-wear analysis noted briefly here and presented in more detail in a separate paper. The results indicate that recycling was a significant lithic production trajectory during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Recycling also contributes to the variability in lithic assemblages from those cultural periods.

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Bio-agent de retanare utilizat in procesarea pieilor si procedeu de obtinere

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7663 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 3878-3880

Author(s):

Rodica Roxana Constantinescu ◽

Gabriel A. Zainescu ◽

Marian Crudu ◽

Gheorghe Bostaca

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Leather Industry ◽

Complex Products ◽

Leather Processing ◽

Protein Waste ◽

Starting Point ◽

Filling Agent ◽

Treatment And Disposal ◽

Biochemical Degradation ◽

Very High

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Modelling Physical and Digital Replication: Bridging the Gap Between Experimentation and Experience

Open Archaeology ◽

10.1515/opar-2018-0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 36-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrea Dolfini ◽

Rob Collins

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Digital Media ◽

Public Engagement ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Digital Technologies ◽

Digital Heritage ◽

Wear Analysis ◽

Hadrian's Wall ◽

The Bronze Age

Abstract The replication of objects lies at the heart of material culture research in archaeology. In particular, replication plays a key role in a number of core activities in our discipline including teaching, research, and public engagement. Despite its being fundamental to the archaeological process, however, replication comes across as an under-theorised field of artefact research. The problem is compounded by the recent development of digital technologies, which add a new layer of challenges as well as opportunities to the long-established practice of making and using physical copies of objects. The paper discusses a number of issues with artefact replication including aims, design, and methodology, from the standpoint of two research projects currently coordinated by the authors: the Bronze Age Combat project, which explores prehistoric fighting techniques through field experiments and wear analysis (Dolfini); and the NU Digital Heritage project, which centres upon the digital capture and modelling of Roman material culture from Hadrian’s Wall (Collins). Both projects have actively created replicas in physical or digital media, and direct comparison of the two projects provide a number of useful lessons regarding the role, uses, and limits of artefact replication in archaeology. Bronze Age Combat project: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/cias/research/bronzeagecombat/ NU Digital Heritage project: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/cias/research/nudigitalheritage/

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Costumes as Sexual Symbols: Archeological Evidences from the Small River Cemetery (Xinjiang, China)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.328 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1048 ◽

pp. 328-331

Author(s):

Xiang Yang Bian ◽

Xiao Yu Xin

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Small River ◽

Identification System ◽

Gender Identification ◽

Ancient People ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Bronze Age

Based on the costumes unearthed from Small River Cemetery (Xinjiang, China), this article discussed the certain dressing customs of males and females in the Bronze Age Xinjiang. According to the analysis of the felt caps, loincloths, woolen cloaks and other burial goods, the paper re-pictured the gender identification system of the dressing culture of the ancient people from Small River Cemetery.

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Continuities and changes of animal exploitation across the Bronze Age – Iron Age boundary at mining sites in the Eastern Alps

Archaeofauna ◽

10.15366/archaeofauna2020.29.005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 77-106

Author(s):

KONSTANTINA SALIARI ◽

ERICH PUCHER ◽

MARKUS STAUDT ◽

GERT GOLDENBERG

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Eastern Alps ◽

Future Research ◽

Mining District ◽

Mining Sites ◽

Age Variations ◽

The Impact ◽

The Bronze Age

Since the 1990s, the Schwaz-Brixlegg mining district in the Lower Inn Valley, North Tyrol, Austria, features excavations on mostly Late Bronze (LBA) to Early Iron (EIA) Age sites, focusing on the reconstruction of metallurgic activities and of all aspects related to it. This paper reviews the Schwaz-Brixlegg archaeozoological materials and compares them with those from contemporaneous mining (copper and salt) sites on the Eastern Alps, to assess diet and subsistence strategies of the early alpine, geo-resource-centered, communities. The faunal remains from Schwaz-Brixlegg document a change in diet for the Lower Inn Valley area from the LBA to the EIA exemplified by a shift from a pig-based economy to another one based on cattle and occasionally small ruminants. These species were most often brought whole to the sites and only occasionally as meat cuts (in particular, ribs). Age and sex profiles indicate that miners consumed high-quality meat. As is also documented on prehistoric mining sites from the Eastern Alps, butchery marks evidence a standardized slaughtering process car- ried out by professional butchers. At Weißer Schrofen, pig was the main meat provider during the LBA, whereas cattle and sheep/goat were more important as dairy products and wool/skin providers. This pattern changed in the EIA, when sheep became the dominating meat supplier at the site of Bauernzeche. This shift may reflect an adaptation to climate changes, which determined the amount of fodder available for stocks, and/or to the impact of cultural and economic developments taking place during the Final Bronze Age. Variations on the faunal assemblages might also reflect agents such as topography and altitude. All in all, a logistic balance between miners (consumers) and peasants (producers) is revealed although more information is required (e.g. archaeobotany), to shed more light on the major changes recorded in the EIA. Based on gnawing marks from Weißer Schrofen, some of the dogs there must have been large-sized. Although this may constitute an exceptional case for the Bronze Age, similar results were reported from the EBA Brixlegg settlement at Mariahilfbergl. Future research is needed to elucidate the possible functional role of dogs in the context of early mining activities.

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The Earliest Balance Weights in the West: Towards an Independent Metrology for Bronze Age Europe

Cambridge Archaeological Journal ◽

10.1017/s0959774318000392 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 103-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nicola Ialongo

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Economic Value ◽

Critical Perspective ◽

Scientific Debate ◽

Use Wear ◽

Mediterranean Regions ◽

First Millennium ◽

The Bronze Age ◽

Standard Weight

Weighing devices are the earliest material correlates of the rational quantification of economic value, and they yield great potential in the study of trade in pre-literate societies. However, the knowledge of European Bronze Age metrology is still underdeveloped in comparison to Eastern Mediterranean regions, mostly due to the lack of a proper scientific debate. This paper introduces a theoretical and methodological framework for the study of standard weight-systems in pre-literate societies, and tests it on a large sample of potential balance weights distributed between Southern Italy and Central Europe during the Bronze Age (second–early first millenniumbc). A set of experimental expectations is defined on the basis of comparisons with ancient texts, archaeological cases and modern behaviour. Concurrent typological, use-wear, statistical and contextual analyses allow to cross-check the evidence against the expectations, and to validate the balance-weight hypothesis for the sample under analysis. The paper urges a reappraisal of an independent weight metrology for Bronze Age Europe, based on adequate methodologies and a critical perspective.

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