Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Interaction and Reaction

This paper focuses on one particular parallel development in linguistics and translation studies, namely corpus-based analysis of language use. Recent years have seen the compilation of corpora of translations, designed specifically to investigate the language and features of translation, usually by comparing translations with non-translations. Some of the interactions between corpus linguistics and corpus-based translation studies are traced in terms of perceptions of translated texts and underlying assumptions of corpus-based studies. Corpus-based translation studies is placed in the con¬text of current theoretical trends in translation studies and, through brief re¬ference to research which has aimed to investigate potential features of translation, attention is drawn to the importance of contextualising translation by combining corpus-based investigations with other kinds of methodologies and analyses.

CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED TRANSPORT IN THE LONG LEVEL 4

Connection and automation are the instrumental drivers of change in the transport system – yet they are two fundamentally different trends that are not necessarily related to one another (Perret et al. 2017: 6). Despite this, there is growing emphasis on their simultaneity and parallel development: whereas early research frequently spoke of autonomous driving or autonomous vehicles, more recent articles increasingly use the term “connected and automated vehicles”: “Even though automated vehicles do not necessarily need to be connected and connected vehicles do not require automation, it is expected that in the medium term connectivity will be a major enabler for automated vehicles” (European Commission 2018: 4).

Genomic Analysis Illustrated a Single Introduction and Evolution of Israeli Bluetongue Serotype 8 Virus Population 2008–2019

Outbreaks of the European Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8), which are characterized by activity cycles separated by years of inactivity, may be influenced by genetic changes of the virus or by herd immunity. BTV activity in Israel is characterized by similar dynamics, but differs from European countries in its vector population, environmental conditions, and lack of cattle vaccination against this serotype. Comparison of these two geographical systems and characterization of their epidemiological connection is therefore of high interest in-order to better understand the factors influencing BTV-8 evolution. BTV-8, closely related to the European strain, was introduced to Israel in 2008. It was at the center of BT outbreaks in 2010 and 2015–2016 and thereafter was lastly isolated in Israel in 2019. We performed genetic analyses of twelve BTV-8 Israeli strains isolated between 2008 and 2019 and compared them with published sequences of BTV-8 isolated in other countries. The analysis revealed a single introduction of BTV-8 into Israel and thereafter extensive occurrence of genomic drifts and multiple reassortments with local BTV strains. Comparison of the Israeli and Cypriot BTV-8 from 2015 to 2016 suggests transmission of the virus between the two countries and a separate and parallel development from European or other Israeli BTV-8 strains. The parallel development of other BTV-8 strains was demonstrated by the identification of the Israeli BTV-8 ISR-1194/1/19 strain, which exhibited common origin with reassorted Israeli BTV-8 strains from 2010 and additional reassortment of seven segments. In order to reveal the source of BTV-8 introduction into Israel we performed BEAST analysis which showed that a probable common ancestor for both European and Israeli BTV-8 presumably existed in 2003–2004. In 2019, a possible new introduction occurred in Israel, where a novel BTV-8 strain was detected, sharing ~95% identity by segments 2 and 6 with Nigerian BTV-8NIG1982/07 and European–Middle Eastern strains. The results of the study indicate that Israel and neighboring countries consist a separate environmental and evolutionary system, distinct from European ones.

Transnational Epistemic Communities

Kerstin von Lingen explores the parallel development of international prohibitions on the use of force and the crime against humanity to the prosaic development of transnational criminal law in the League era concerned with drugs and humans. Her main concern is to show how representatives from small states, scholars and NGO activists came to form a transnational epistemic community that pressed for change to first how state aggression is controlled under international law and then how crimes against civilians are to be dealt with in the latter phases of World War II.

Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: A Criminal Law Conundrum?

The emergence of new interactions, notably those online, has led to the parallel development of criminal behaviors—not all of which are captured by the current legal framework. This article addresses the challenge posed to criminal law by the emergence of technologically facilitated violence, specifically its sexualized online forms. In particular, it argues for cautious yet specific criminalization of violent behaviors online whilst considering the broader criminal liabilities of all actors involved in the facilitation and perpetration of digital sexual violence. This article draws upon national—contentious—examples of attempts to regulate disruptive sexual violence perpetrated through digital means, with particular attention given to provisions in the UK, Germany, and France.

'By being out and outspoken, I contributed to the normalisation of homosexuality in the Netherlands': an interview with Evelien Eshuis, Dutch communist MP 1982-1986

The 1970s and 1980s are often characterised as sober and gloomy, a prolonged anti-climax to the swinging 1960s. The oil crisis of 1973 led to widespread unemployment in most industrialised countries, which was only exacerbated in the early 1980s by a worldwide economic crisis. In the Netherlands, people – especially youth – struggled to find employment, and class antagonisms, which had been largely absent in the 1960s, resurfaced. Despite these growing social tensions, the Dutch communist movement began to embrace single issues that were not necessarily rooted in class struggle. This new course, while condemned by some hardliners, opened up space for closer links between the Communistische Partij van Nederland ('Communist Party of the Netherlands'; CPN) and anti-racist, feminist and gay politics. In a parallel development, membership demographics changed significantly. Among new CPN members in the early 1970s there were just as many workers as there were artists, students and unemployed. In this interview, Eshuis looks back on her life and, in particular, her experiences in the CPN in the 1970s and 1980s.

Sustainable Path for the Oil and Gas Industry

This paper focuses in the discussion of three main transformations the Oil and Gas Industry will need to continue developing post-pandemic scenarios. Sustainability, Digitalization, Cultural Innovation and Branding need to continue its parallel development for the industry to keep the leadership positions in the energy sector. The goal of this paper to show the interdependence between these three transformations and how EPCI companies need to continue adapting them to succeed.

Features of using innovative technologies in swimming classes of students of higher education institutions

The article reveals the peculiarities of the use of innovative technologies in swimming lessons for students of higher education institutions. It is found that the development of a large number of swimming movements simultaneously by all methods of swimming first light, then sports and elements of applied swimming allows at the initial stage to choose the easiest way first and gradually move to complex. This reduces the duration of the entire period of development of swimming techniques. It is established that the use of innovative technologies in teaching swimming to students contributes to the formation of their need for a healthy lifestyle, increase their level of preparedness and functionality of the body. Analysis of swimming programs used in higher education institutions shows that classes are usually built according to the traditional method with the parallel development of two similar in structure methods of rabbit on the chest and rabbit on the back. At the same time, the peculiarities of sex and age, interests, motives and needs of students, as well as individual features and tendencies to master a certain type of motor activity are not sufficiently taken into account. The organization of swimming lessons with young students in the mode of training, taking into account the above features, can significantly affect the formation of their need for a healthy lifestyle, health and prevent further deterioration.

LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

The article examines the relationship between language and culture, as well as the dependence of the language on the cultural level of the people. The attitude to the parallel development of the language with the development of the culture of any nation is expressed, the possibility of the influence of the development of the culture of the people on the grammatical structure of the language is considered.

Ideas of Social Education in the Concepts of Social Pedagogy in Russia and Germany

The purpose of the article is to identify, analyze and describe the phenomenon of the long-term parallel development of Russian and German socio-pedagogical theories, which have common roots, but at the same time each has a certain uniqueness. The general concepts of social education are revealed, which form the basis of social pedagogy in Russia and Germany, create the possibility of mutual enrichment with experience, and differences in their development in practice make it possible to fairly accurately determine mutual interests and needs. The possibility of mutual enrichment of social and pedagogical practices is shown, the use of which requires an understanding of the similarities and differences in the concepts of social pedagogy in both countries.