scholarly journals Measuring information accessibility and predicting response-effects: The validity of response-certainties and response-latencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Volker Stocké
Keyword(s):  
Scale Effects ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
High Frequency Response ◽  
Information Accessibility ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Cognitive Accessibility ◽  
Positive Effect

Respondents’ reports about the frequency of everyday behavior are often found to differ considerably when either low- or high-frequency response scales are used to record the answers. It has been hypothesized that the susceptibility to this type of response effect is determined by the cognitive accessibility of the respective target information in respondents’ memories. The first aim of the present paper is to test this hypothesis using two alternative, individual level indicators of the cognitive accessibility of information. These measures are the subjects’ self-reported response certainty and the time needed to answer the question under consideration. A second issue is how response certainties and response latencies should be transformed prior to data analysis in order to maximize their predictive power for response effects. Accordingly, the ability of untransformed measures to predict scale effects is compared with that of logarithmic, square-root and reciprocally transformed versions. The empirical results show that untransformed response certainties and response latencies are equally valid predictors of whether and to what extent subjects’ answers are affected by the presentation of response options. A square-root transformation is found to have no effect on both measures, whereas a logarithmic transformation slightly improves the validity of response certainties. In contrast, a reciprocal transformation proves to have a substantially positive effect on both measures and improves their ability to predict the reliability of respondents’ survey reports.

The consequences of social intolerance on non-violent protest

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Rapp ◽  
Kathrin Ackermann
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Established Democracies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper scrutinizes the impact of intolerance toward diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups on an individual’s willingness to actively engage in non-violent protest. Following new insights, we examine the individual as well as the ecological effect of social intolerance on protest behavior. Drawing from insights of social psychology and communication science, we expect that the prevalence of intolerance reinforces the positive effect of individual-level intolerance on protest participation. From a rational choice perspective, however, a negative moderating effect is expected, as the expression of opinions becomes redundant for intolerant individuals in an intolerant society. We base our multilevel analyses on data from theWorld Values Surveyscovering 32 established democracies. Our results reveal that intolerance leads to more non-violent protest participation. This relationship, however, is strongly influenced by the prevalence of intolerance in a country.

scholarly journals Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
D. L. Kerns ◽  
T. Tellez
Keyword(s):  
Square Root ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Fruit Damage

Abstract Eight year old lemon trees in Yuma, AZ were treated with insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design, consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 by 90 ft) consisted of three trees 30 ft apart in a row. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Treatments were initiated approximately 14 days after petal fall and were applied on Apr 3, Apr 30 and May 15. Evaluations were made on 5 Apr, 9 Apr, 15 Apr, 23 Apr, 29 Apr, 2 May, 6 May, 13 May, 17 May, 20 May and 29 May. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. Fruit damage was assessed on Aug 16 by rating the degree of rind scarring: 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentage fruit infested with immature CT were transformed using a square-root transformation for analysis, percentage values are presented in the tables. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.

scholarly journals Trust in China? The impact of development, inequality, and openness on political trust across China’s provinces, 2001–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L Hutchison ◽  
Ping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Province Level

China has long represented a puzzle for scholars of democracy, who view political trust as an important indicator of regime legitimacy. Previous studies show that while democracies around the world experienced declining levels of political trust, the authoritarian Chinese government maintained unexpectedly high levels of trust. Using World Value Survey (WVS) data over a critical 12-year period (2001–2012) and multilevel modeling techniques, we explore both macro- and individual-level determinants of political trust in China. We find that province-level economic performance and individual-level income combine to influence political trust. Higher levels of individual-level income have a positive effect on trust in more developed provinces but an opposite effect in less developed provinces. Furthermore, individuals living in provinces with higher levels of inequality and openness tend to be less trusting of government. Our study offers critical insights not only for political trust in China but also the country’s political future.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Experimental Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
D. L. Kerns ◽  
T. Tellez
Keyword(s):  
Square Root ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Fruit Damage

Abstract Eight year old lemon trees in Yuma, AZ, were treated with experimental insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design, consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 by 90 ft) consisted of three trees, spaced 30 ft apart, in a row. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Treatments were applied approximately seven days after petal fall on Apr 2, Apr 23 and May 08. Evaluations were made on 4 Apr, 9 Apr, 15 Apr, 23 Apr, 25 Apr, 29 Apr, 6 May, 10 May, 13 May, 20 May and 29 May. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. Fruit damage was assessed on Aug 19 by rating the degree of rind scarring: 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentages fruit infested with immature CT were statistically analysed using a square-root transformation, but the data presented in the tables is untransformed. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.

Preliminary research for testing Baptisia tinctoria 30c effectiveness against salmonellosis in first and second quality broiler chickens

1998 ◽  
Vol 87 (03) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Sandoval ◽  
LL Morfin ◽  
BB Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Significant Statistical Difference ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
Preliminary Research

AbstractThe aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Baptisia tinctoria 30c and Ciprofloxacin against salmonellosis in fowl. Eight hundred (400 first quality and 400 second quality) poultry birds were used. All were the same commercial brand. There were two treatments, both with four repetitions. Treatment began when chickens were eight days old; two drops/kg live weight/d Baptisia tinctoria or 15 mg/kg live weight/d of Ciprofloxacin. Both treatments lasted ten days and were given in the drinking water. Salmonella diagnostic tests were made on day 0, day 8 and day 49 of age and death rate was when treatments had finished. Death rate values were applied a square root transformation and a 2×2 factorial analysis was made.The mortality for first and second quality fowl in the Baptisia tinctoria group were 0.7125 and 2.037, respectively, and in the Ciprofloxacin group, 0.7245 and 2.1848, respectively. No significant statistical difference was observed (P>0.1) regarding treatments, only regarding different quality fowl (P<0.01). After comparing, Baptisia tinctoria 30c and Ciprofloxacin treatments against salmonellosis, it was concluded that there were no meaningful differences between outcomes.

scholarly journals Environmental Variance and Broad-sense Heritability of Nut Traits in Japanese Chestnut Breeding

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sogo Nishio ◽  
Masahiko Yamada ◽  
Norio Takada ◽  
Hidenori Kato ◽  
Noriyuki Onoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Selection Stage ◽  
Initial Selection

We evaluated the nut harvesting date (NHD), nut weight (NW), pericarp splitting (PS), and infestation by insects (II) in eight cultivars/selections of Japanese chestnut, including a Japanese–Chinese hybrid, over 6 years. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (without transformation for NHD, after log-transformation for NW and PS, and after square root transformation for II). The among-tree variance accounted for only 1.1% to 8.5% of the total variance. The variance component resulting from residual factors for the tree × year interaction and sampling errors was the largest component for NW, PS, and II, accounting for 46% to 54% of the total environmental variance. Because tree replication is costly and time-consuming in chestnut breeding, increasing the number of yearly repetitions is more efficient than increasing the number of tree replicates. Broad-sense heritability was 0.84 for NHD, 0.27 for NW, 0.48 for PS, and 0.17 for II in evaluations with one tree without yearly repetition. It increased to 0.91 for NHD, 0.40 for NW, 0.62 for PS, and 0.29 for II in evaluations with one tree in 2 years. For NHD, the heritabilities are sufficiently high to distinguish genetic differences among cultivars/selection. In contrast, the low heritability of II suggests that this trait should not be evaluated with an emphasis on the initial selection stage but rather with an emphasis on the secondary selection stage based on testing at several locations with a large number of yearly and tree replications.

scholarly journals Can Culture be a Salient Predictor of Test-Taking Engagement? An Analysis of Differential Noneffortful Responding on an International College-Level Assessment of Critical Thinking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Rios ◽  
Hongwen Guo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
College Level ◽  
Test Taker ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
International College ◽  
Academic Year

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether differential noneffortful responding (identified via response latencies) was present in four countries administered a low-stakes college-level critical thinking assessment. Results indicated significant differences (as large as .90 SD) between nearly all country pairings in the average number of noneffortful responses per test taker. Furthermore, noneffortful responding was found to be associated with a number of individual-level predictors, such as demographics (both gender and academic year), prior ability, and perceived difficulty of the test, though, these predictors were found to differ across countries. Ignoring the presence of noneffortful responses was associated with: (a) model fit deterioration as well as inflation of reliability, and (b) the inclusion of non-invariant items in the score linking anchor set. However, no meaningful differences in relative performance were noted once accounting for noneffortful responses. Implications for test development and improving the validity of score-based inferences from international assessments are discussed.

Arcsine Square Root Transformation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton ◽  
Ole Andersen ◽  
John H. Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Square Root ◽  
Root Transformation

scholarly journals Provision Point-Source Materials Stimulates Play in Sows but Does Not Affect Aggression at Regrouping

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Greenwood ◽  
William van Wettere ◽  
Jessica Rayner ◽  
Paul Hughes ◽  
Kate Plush
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Large White ◽  
Object Play ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Play Behaviors ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Source Materials

When sows are mixed into groups, hierarchies form and resulting aggression and stress can affect production and welfare. This study determined the effect of providing point-source materials on aggressive and play behaviors in gestating sows. Large white cross Landrace sows were mixed after insemination; six pens of 12 sows were housed in ‘standard’ pens, and six pens of 12 sows were housed in ‘enhanced’ pens. The ‘enhanced’ pens each contained two rubber mats, eight strands of 24 mm-thick sisal rope and two yellow plastic disks, suspended from the roof. The sows remained in these pens until pregnancy confirmation. Salivary cortisol concentration, injury counts, and sow behaviors were recorded the day before mixing (day 1), mixing (day 0) and post-mixing day 1, day 4, day 7 and day 20. At farrowing, reproductive outcomes were obtained. Play was observed (including locomotor and object play) in the ‘enhanced’ pen, and percentage of time spent playing was greater on d4 (1.48 ± 0.3 Square root transformed data (2.84% non-transformed adjusted mean)), d7 (1.43 ± 0.3 (2.97%)) and d20 (1.64 ± 0.3 (3.84%)), compared to d0 (0.56 ± 0.3 (0.70%)) and d1 (0.87 ± 0.3 (1.67%) (p < 0.05)). No play was observed in standard housing. Aggression, salivary free cortisol concentrations and injuries were unaffected (p > 0.05). The provision of materials had no impact on aggression, although their presence maintained sow interest and play behavior, suggesting a positive effect.

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