Measuring information accessibility and predicting response-effects: The validity of response-certainties and response-latencies

Respondents’ reports about the frequency of everyday behavior are often found to differ considerably when either low- or high-frequency response scales are used to record the answers. It has been hypothesized that the susceptibility to this type of response effect is determined by the cognitive accessibility of the respective target information in respondents’ memories. The first aim of the present paper is to test this hypothesis using two alternative, individual level indicators of the cognitive accessibility of information. These measures are the subjects’ self-reported response certainty and the time needed to answer the question under consideration. A second issue is how response certainties and response latencies should be transformed prior to data analysis in order to maximize their predictive power for response effects. Accordingly, the ability of untransformed measures to predict scale effects is compared with that of logarithmic, square-root and reciprocally transformed versions. The empirical results show that untransformed response certainties and response latencies are equally valid predictors of whether and to what extent subjects’ answers are affected by the presentation of response options. A square-root transformation is found to have no effect on both measures, whereas a logarithmic transformation slightly improves the validity of response certainties. In contrast, a reciprocal transformation proves to have a substantially positive effect on both measures and improves their ability to predict the reliability of respondents’ survey reports.

A hybrid method for broadband vibroacoustic simulations

Many methods for simulating acoustic responses of vibrating systems are only suitable for limited frequency ranges, providing either an accurate low frequency or high frequency response. A hybrid method is presented to combine a low frequency modal response and a high frequency statistical energy response to obtain a unified broadband response. The method is designed to produce an auralizable response. An experimental setup is used to validate the method. Listening tests are conducted to assess the realism of the auralizations compared to measurements. The listening tests confirm that the method is able to produce realistic auralizations, subject to a few limitations.

Vertical Graphene Arrays for AC Line-Filtering Capacitors

High-frequency responsive electrochemical capacitor (EC), which can convert alternating current (AC) in the circuit to direct current (DC), is an ideal filtering capacitor with lightweight superiority to replace the bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitor (AEC). However, current electrodes are difficult to achieve high energy density and high-frequency response properties simultaneously, primarily due to the electrode structure dilemmas of maximizing the electrode area or accelerating the ion transport. Herein, strictly vertical graphene arrays (SVGAs) directly prepared by electric-field-assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition have been successfully designed as the main electrode material of ECs to ensure the ions rapidly adsorb/desorb within the richly available surface spaces. The SVGAs exhibit an excellent specific areal capacitance of 1.72 mF‧cm− 2 at Φ120 = 80.6° even after 500,000 cycles in the aqueous ECs, which is far better than that of most quasi-vertical electrodes and carbon-related materials. Impressively, the output voltage could also be improved to 2.5 V when using the organic electrolyte, and an ultra-high energy density of 4.75 mF‧V2‧cm− 2 at Φ120 = 80.6° can also be handily achieved. Moreover, both aqueous and organic ECs-SVGAs can well smooth arbitrary AC waveforms into DC signals, indicating that ECs-SVGAs have colossal potentials to replace outmoded AECs.

A Review of the Research and Development of High-Frequency Measurement Technologies Used for Nonlinear Dynamics of Drillstring

High-frequency measurements can provide much more new insights for drillstring dynamics compared to traditional instruments, leading to a new realm of understanding of drillstring behaviors in great detail than before. In this paper, data acquisition tools with high-frequency sample rates and the data processing are introduced. Based on high-frequency data, progress of drilling dynamics is summarized, including new understandings of low-frequency drillstring dynamics, high-frequency torsional oscillations (HFTOs), and high-frequency axial oscillations (HFAOs) and new findings for the coupling of vibrations and motions, as well as models and simulation methods to deeply comprehend high-frequency dynamics of drillstring. High-frequency measurements have been used for enabling drillers to improve drill performance, especially for field decision making, BHA selection, and bit design, usually through the ways of minimizing vibrations to obtain high-efficient drilling conditions, the high-frequency response near bit can also be used for lithology identification during drilling. Though there still exists a gap between research perspective and drilling practice, the industry of high-frequency measurements has gotten off a good start, which has huge potential to avoid nonproductive time thereupon reducing drilling cost in the future.