scholarly journals Simulation of the isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapour – Part 2: Investigation of HDO / H<sub>2</sub>O variations

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 7003-7015 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eichinger ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
S. Lossow
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour ◽  
Water Isotope

Abstract. Studying the isotopic composition of water vapour in the lower stratosphere can reveal the driving mechanisms of changes in the stratospheric water vapour budget and therefore help to explain the trends and variations of stratospheric water vapour during recent decades. We equipped a global chemistry climate model with a description of the water isotopologue HDO, comprising its physical and chemical fractionation effects throughout the hydrological cycle. We use this model to improve our understanding of the processes which determine the patterns in the stratospheric water isotope composition and in the water vapour budget itself. The link between the water vapour budget and its isotopic composition in the tropical stratosphere is presented through their correlation in a simulated 21-year time series. The two quantities depend on the same processes; however, they are influenced with different strengths. A sensitivity experiment shows that fractionation effects during the oxidation of methane have a damping effect on the stratospheric tape recorder signal in the water isotope ratio. Moreover, the chemically produced high water isotope ratios overshadow the tape recorder in the upper stratosphere. Investigating the origin of the boreal-summer signal of isotopically enriched water vapour reveals that in-mixing of old stratospheric air from the extratropics and the intrusion of tropospheric water vapour into the stratosphere complement each other in order to create the stratospheric isotope ratio tape recorder signal. For this, the effect of ice lofting in monsoon systems is shown to play a crucial role. Furthermore, we describe a possible pathway of isotopically enriched water vapour through the tropopause into the tropical stratosphere.

scholarly journals Simulation of the isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapour – Part 2: Investigation of HDO/H<sub>2</sub>O variations

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 29459-29497 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eichinger ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
S. Lossow
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Tape Recorder ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour ◽  
Water Isotope

Abstract. Studying the isotopic composition of water vapour in the lower stratosphere can reveal the driving mechanisms of changes in the stratospheric water vapour budget and therefore help to explain the trends and variations of stratospheric water vapour during the recent decades. We equipped a global chemistry climate model with a description of the water isotopologue HDO, comprising its physical and chemical fractionation effects throughout the hydrological cycle. We use this model to improve our understanding of the processes, which determine the patterns in the stratospheric water isotope composition and in the water vapour budget, itself. The link between the water vapour budget and its isotopic composition in the tropical stratosphere is presented through their correlation in a simulated 21 year time series. The two quantities depend on the same processes, however, are influenced with different strengths. A sensitivity experiment shows that fractionation effects during the oxidation of methane has a damping effect on the stratospheric tape recorder signal in the water isotope ratio. Moreover, the chemically produced high water isotope ratios overshadow the tape recorder in the upper stratosphere. Investigating the origin of the boreal summer tape recorder signal in the lower stratosphere reveals isotopically enriched water vapour crossing the tropopause over the subtropical Western Pacific. A correlation analysis confirms this link, which identifies the Asian Summer Monsoon as the major contributor for the intrusion of isotopically enriched water vapour into the stratosphere during boreal summer. Furthermore, convective ice lofting is shown to have a substantial impact on the isotope ratios of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

scholarly journals Simulation of the isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapour – Part 1: Description and evaluation of the EMAC model

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 5537-5555 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eichinger ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
S. Brinkop ◽  
M. Werner ◽  
S. Lossow
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Physical Fractionation ◽  
Water Isotopologues ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour

Abstract. This modelling study aims at an improved understanding of the processes that determine the water vapour budget in the stratosphere by means of the investigation of water isotope ratios. An additional (and separate from the actual) hydrological cycle has been introduced into the chemistry–climate model EMAC, including the water isotopologues HDO and H218O and their physical fractionation processes. Additionally an explicit computation of the contribution of methane oxidation to H2O and HDO has been incorporated. The model expansions allow detailed analyses of water vapour and its isotope ratio with respect to deuterium throughout the stratosphere and in the transition region to the troposphere. In order to assure the correct representation of the water isotopologues in the model's hydrological cycle, the expanded system has been evaluated in several steps. The physical fractionation effects have been evaluated by comparison of the simulated isotopic composition of precipitation with measurements from a ground-based network (GNIP) and with the results from the isotopologue-enabled general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso. The model's representation of the chemical HDO precursor CH3D in the stratosphere has been confirmed by a comparison with chemical transport models (1-D, CHEM2D) and measurements from radiosonde flights. Finally, the simulated stratospheric HDO and the isotopic composition of water vapour have been evaluated, with respect to retrievals from three different satellite instruments (MIPAS, ACE-FTS, SMR). Discrepancies in stratospheric water vapour isotope ratios between two of the three satellite retrievals can now partly be explained.

scholarly journals Simulation of the isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapour – Part 1: Description and evaluation of the EMAC model

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 23807-23846 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eichinger ◽  
P. Jöckel ◽  
S. Brinkop ◽  
M. Werner ◽  
S. Lossow
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Physical Fractionation ◽  
Water Isotopologues ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour

Abstract. This modelling study aims on an improved understanding of the processes, that determine the water vapour budget in the stratosphere by means of the investigation of water isotope ratios. At first, a separate hydrological cycle has been introduced into the chemistry-climate model EMAC, including the water isotopologues HDO and H218O and their physical fractionation processes. Additionally an explicit computation of the contribution of methane oxidation to HDO has been incorporated. The model expansions allow detailed analyses of water vapour and its isotope ratio with respect to deuterium throughout the stratosphere and in the transition region to the troposphere. In order to assure the correct representation of the water isotopologues in the model's hydrological cycle, the expanded system has been evaluated in several steps. The physical fractionation effects have been evaluated by comparison of the simulated isotopic composition of precipitation with measurements from a ground-based network (GNIP) and with the results from the isotopologue-enabled general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso. The model's representation of the chemical HDO precursor CH3D in the stratosphere has been confirmed by a comparison with chemical transport models (CHEM1D, CHEM2D) and measurements from radiosonde flights. Finally, the simulated stratospheric HDO and the isotopic composition of water vapour have been evaluated, with respect to retrievals from three different satellite instruments (MIPAS, ACE-FTS, SMR). Discrepancies in stratospheric water vapour isotope ratios between two of the three satellite retrievals can now partly be explained.

scholarly journals Moisture origin as a driver of temporal variabilities of the water vapour isotopic composition in the Lena River Delta, Siberia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Bonne ◽  
Hanno Meyer ◽  
Melanie Behrens ◽  
Julia Boike ◽  
Sepp Kipfstuhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Lena Delta

Abstract. In the context of the Arctic amplification of climate change affecting the regional atmospheric hydrological cycle, it is crucial to characterize the present-day’s moisture sources of the Arctic. The isotopic composition is an important tool to enhance our understanding of the drivers of the hydrological cycle, due to the different molecular characteristics of water stable isotopes during phase change. This study introduces two years of continuous in situ water vapour and precipitation isotopic observations conducted since July 2015 in the east-Siberian Lena delta, at the research station on the Samoylov Island. The vapour isotopic signals are dominated by variations at the seasonal and synoptic time scales. Diurnal variations of the vapour isotopic signals are masked by synoptic variations, indicating low variations of the amplitude of local sources at the diurnal scale in winter, summer and autumn. Low amplitude diurnal variations in spring may indicate exchange of moisture between the atmosphere and the snow-covered surface. Moisture sources diagnostics based on semi-Lagrangian backward trajectories reveal that different air mass origins have contrasted contributions to the moisture budget of the Lena delta region. At the seasonal scale, the distance from the net moisture sources to the arrival site strongly varies. During the coldest months, no contribution from local secondary evaporation is observed. Variations of the vapour isotopic composition during the cold season on synoptic time scale are strongly related to moisture source regions and variations in the atmospheric transport: warm and isotopically-enriched moist air is linked with fast transport from the Atlantic sector; while dry and cold air with isotopically-depleted moisture is generally associated to air masses moving slowly over northern Eurasia.

scholarly journals Modelling and interpreting the isotopic composition of water vapour in convective updrafts

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 7903-7935 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolot ◽  
B. Legras ◽  
E. J. Moyer
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Isotopic Evolution ◽  
Kinetic Effects

Abstract. The isotopic compositions of water vapour and its condensates have long been used as tracers of the global hydrological cycle, but may also be useful for understanding processes within individual convective clouds. We review here the representation of processes that alter water isotopic compositions during processing of air in convective updrafts and present a unified model for water vapour isotopic evolution within undiluted deep convective cores, with a special focus on the out-of-equilibrium conditions of mixed-phase zones where metastable liquid water and ice coexist. We use our model to show that a combination of water isotopologue measurements can constrain critical convective parameters, including degree of supersaturation, supercooled water content and glaciation temperature. Important isotopic processes in updrafts include kinetic effects that are a consequence of diffusive growth or decay of cloud particles within a supersaturated or subsaturated environment; isotopic re-equilibration between vapour and supercooled droplets, which buffers isotopic distillation; and differing mechanisms of glaciation (droplet freezing vs. the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process). As all of these processes are related to updraft strength, particle size distribution and the retention of supercooled water, isotopic measurements can serve as a probe of in-cloud conditions of importance to convective processes. We study the sensitivity of the profile of water vapour isotopic composition to differing model assumptions and show how measurements of isotopic composition at cloud base and cloud top alone may be sufficient to retrieve key cloud parameters.

scholarly journals Validation of a coupled δ<sup>2</sup>H<sub><i>n</i>-alkane</sub>-δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>sugar</sub> paleohygrometer approach based on a climate chamber experiment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hepp ◽  
Bruno Glaser ◽  
Dieter Juchelka ◽  
Christoph Mayr ◽  
Kazimierz Rozanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Hydrogen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Isotope ◽  
Isotopic Signal

Abstract. The hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf wax-derived biomarkers, e.g. long chain n-alkanes (δ2Hn-alkane), is widely applied in paleoclimatology research. However, a direct reconstruction of the isotopic composition of paleoprecipitation based on δ2Hn-alkane alone can be challenging due to the overprint of the source water isotopic signal by leaf-water enrichment. The coupling of δ2Hn-alkane with δ18O of hemicellulose-derived sugars (δ18Osugar) has the potential to disentangle this effect and additionally allow relative humidity reconstructions. Here, we present δ2Hn-alkane as well as δ18Osugar results obtained from leaves of the plant species Eucalyptus globulus, Vicia faba var. minor and Brassica oleracea var. medullosa, which were grown under controlled conditions. We addressed the questions (i) do δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar values allow precise reconstructions of leaf water isotope composition, (ii) how accurately does the reconstructed leaf-water-isotope composition enables relative humidity (RH) reconstruction in which the plants grew, and (iii) does the coupling of δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar enable a robust source water calculation? For all investigated species, the alkane n-C29 was most abundant and therefore used for compound-specific δ2H measurements. For Vicia faba, additionally the δ2H values of n-C31 could be evaluated robustly. With regard to hemicellulose-derived monosaccharides, arabinose and xylose were most abundant and their δ18O values were therefore used to calculate weighted mean leaf δ18Osugar values. Both δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar yielded significant correlations with δ2Hleaf-water and δ18Oleaf-water, respectively (r2 = 0.45 and 0.85, respectively; p 

scholarly journals Moisture origin as a driver of temporal variabilities of the water vapour isotopic composition in the Lena River Delta, Siberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 10493-10511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Bonne ◽  
Hanno Meyer ◽  
Melanie Behrens ◽  
Julia Boike ◽  
Sepp Kipfstuhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Lena Delta

Abstract. In the context of the Arctic amplification of climate change affecting the regional atmospheric hydrological cycle, it is crucial to characterize the present-day moisture sources of the Arctic. The isotopic composition is an important tool to enhance our understanding of the drivers of the hydrological cycle due to the different molecular characteristics of water stable isotopes during phase change. This study introduces 2 years of continuous in situ water vapour and precipitation isotopic observations conducted since July 2015 in the eastern Siberian Lena delta at the research station on Samoylov Island. The vapour isotopic signals are dominated by variations at seasonal and synoptic timescales. Diurnal variations of the vapour isotopic signals are masked by synoptic variations, indicating low variations of the amplitude of local sources at the diurnal scale in winter, summer and autumn. Low-amplitude diurnal variations in spring may indicate exchange of moisture between the atmosphere and the snow-covered surface. Moisture source diagnostics based on semi-Lagrangian backward trajectories reveal that different air mass origins have contrasting contributions to the moisture budget of the Lena delta region. At the seasonal scale, the distance from the net moisture sources to the arrival site strongly varies. During the coldest months, no contribution from local secondary evaporation is observed. Variations of the vapour isotopic composition during the cold season on the synoptic timescale are strongly related to moisture source regions and variations in atmospheric transport: warm and isotopically enriched moist air is linked to fast transport from the Atlantic sector, while dry and cold air with isotopically depleted moisture is generally associated with air masses moving slowly over northern Eurasia.

scholarly journals Validation of a coupled δ<sup>2</sup>H<sub><i>n</i>-alkane</sub>-δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>sugar</sub> paleohygrometer approach based on a climate chamber experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hepp ◽  
Christoph Mayr ◽  
Kazimierz Rozanski ◽  
Imke Kathrin Schäfer ◽  
Mario Tuthorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Hydrogen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Isotope ◽  
Isotopic Signal

Abstract. The hydrogen isotopic composition of leaf wax-derived biomarkers, e.g. long chain n-alkanes (δ2Hn-alkane), is widely applied in paleoclimatology research. However, a direct reconstruction of the isotopic composition of source water based on δ2Hn-alkane alone can be challenging due to the alteration of the soil water isotopic signal by leaf-water heavy-isotope enrichment. The coupling of δ2Hn-alkane with δ18O of hemicellulose-derived sugars (δ18Osugar) has the potential to disentangle this effect and additionally to allow relative humidity reconstructions. Here, we present δ2Hn-alkane as well as δ18Osugar results obtained from leaves of the plant species Eucalyptus globulus, Vicia faba var. minor and Brassica oleracea var. medullosa, which grew under controlled conditions. We addressed the questions (i) do δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar values allow precise reconstructions of leaf water isotope composition, (ii) how accurately does the reconstructed leaf-water-isotope composition enables relative humidity (RH) reconstruction in which the plants grew, and (iii) does the coupling of δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar enable a robust source water calculation? For all investigated species, the alkane n-C29 was most abundant and therefore used for compound-specific δ2H measurements. For Vicia faba, additionally the δ2H values of n-C31 could be evaluated robustly. With regard to hemicellulose-derived monosaccharides, arabinose and xylose were most abundant and their δ18O values were therefore used to calculate weighted mean leaf δ18Osugar values. Both δ2Hn-alkane and δ18Osugar yielded significant correlations with δ2Hleaf-water and δ18Oleaf-water, respectively (r2 = 0.45 and 0.85, respectively; p 

scholarly journals Modelling and intepreting the isotopic composition of water vapour in convective updrafts

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 22451-22533 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bolot ◽  
B. Legras ◽  
E. J. Moyer
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Isotopic Evolution

Abstract. The isotopic compositions of water vapour and its condensates have long been used as tracers of the global hydrological cycle, but may also be useful for understanding processes within individual convective clouds. We review here the representation of processes that alter water isotopic compositions during processing of air in convective updrafts and present a unified model for water vapour isotopic evolution within undiluted deep convective cores, with a special focus on the out-of-equilibrium conditions of mixed phase zones where metastable liquid water and ice coexist. We use our model to show that a combination of water isotopologue measurements can constrain critical convective parameters including degree of supersaturation, supercooled water content and glaciation temperature. Important isotopic processes in updrafts include kinetic effects that are a consequence of diffusive growth or decay of cloud particles within a supersaturated or subsaturated environment; isotopic re-equilibration between vapour and supercooled droplets, which buffers isotopic distillation; and differing mechanisms of glaciation (droplet freezing vs. the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process). As all of these processes are related to updraft strength, droplet size distribution and the retention of supercooled water, isotopic measurements can serve as a probe of in-cloud conditions of importance to convective processes. We study the sensitivity of the profile of water vapour isotopic composition to differing model assumptions and show how measurements of isotopic composition at cloud base and cloud top alone may be sufficient to retrieve key cloud parameters.

Hereditary hemochromatosis is reflected in the iron isotope composition of blood

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 3812-3816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Alexandre Krayenbuehl ◽  
Thomas Walczyk ◽  
Ronny Schoenberg ◽  
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg ◽  
Georg Schulthess
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Isotope Ratio ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Hereditary Hemochromatosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Primary Determinant

Abstract It has recently been shown that the iron isotopic composition of blood differs between individuals and sexes, which is supposed to reflect individual differences in iron metabolism. We hypothesized that patients suffering from hereditary hemochromatosis would demonstrate alterations in the iron isotopic composition of blood due to persistent up-regulation of intestinal iron absorption. Blood from 30 patients with homozygous C282Y hemochromatosis was analyzed for iron isotopic composition by a newly developed technique using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Blood of patients with hemochromatosis is characterized by a higher 56Fe/54Fe isotope ratio than blood of healthy individuals, which are either members of an age-matched control group (n = 10; P &lt; .001) or young adults (n = 36; P &lt; .001). In patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, the 56Fe/54Fe isotope ratio of blood significantly correlates with total-body iron accumulation, severity of clinical disease, and the need for regular phlebotomies to prevent iron reaccumulation. We conclude that blood of patients with hereditary hemochromatosis contains more of the heavier iron isotopes than blood of healthy individuals. The primary determinant of the iron isotopic composition of blood appears to be isotope-sensitive iron absorption in the intestine and the efficiency of this process.

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