scholarly journals Timescales of secondary organic aerosols to reach equilibrium at various temperatures and relative humidities

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 5959-5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Manabu Shiraiwa
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Bulk Diffusion ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a substantial fraction of air particulate matter, and SOA formation is often modeled assuming rapid establishment of gas–particle equilibrium. Here, we estimate the characteristic timescale for SOA to achieve gas–particle equilibrium under a wide range of temperatures and relative humidities using a state-of-the-art kinetic flux model. Equilibration timescales were calculated by varying particle phase state, size, mass loadings, and volatility of organic compounds in open and closed systems. Model simulations suggest that the equilibration timescale for semi-volatile compounds is on the order of seconds or minutes for most conditions in the planetary boundary layer, but it can be longer than 1 h if particles adopt glassy or amorphous solid states with high glass transition temperatures at low relative humidity. In the free troposphere with lower temperatures, it can be longer than hours or days, even at moderate or relatively high relative humidities due to kinetic limitations of bulk diffusion in highly viscous particles. The timescale of partitioning of low-volatile compounds into highly viscous particles is shorter compared to semi-volatile compounds in the closed system, as it is largely determined by condensation sink due to very slow re-evaporation with relatively quick establishment of local equilibrium between the gas phase and the near-surface bulk. The dependence of equilibration timescales on both volatility and bulk diffusivity provides critical insights into thermodynamic or kinetic treatments of SOA partitioning for accurate predictions of gas- and particle-phase concentrations of semi-volatile compounds in regional and global chemical transport models.

scholarly journals Timescales of Secondary Organic Aerosols to Reach Equilibrium at Various Temperatures and Relative Humidities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Manabu Shiraiwa
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Bulk Diffusion ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Air Particulate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flux Model ◽  
State Size

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a substantial fraction of air particulate matter and SOA formation is often modeled assuming rapid establishment of gas-particle equilibrium. Here, we estimate the characteristic timescale for SOA to achieve gas−particle equilibrium under a wide range of temperatures and relative humidities using a state-of-the-art kinetic flux model. Equilibration timescales were calculated by varying particle phase state, size, mass loadings, and volatility of organic compounds. Model simulations suggest that the equilibration timescale for semi-volatile compounds is on the order of seconds or minutes for most conditions in the planetary boundary layer, but it can be longer than one hour if particles adopt glassy or amorphous solid states with high glass transition temperature at low relative humidity. In the free troposphere with lower temperatures it can be longer than hours or days even at moderate or relatively high RH due to kinetic limitations of bulk diffusion in highly viscous particles. The timescale of partitioning of low-volatile compounds is shorter compared to semi-volatile compounds, as it is largely determined by condensation sink due to very slow re-evaporation. These results provide critical insights into thermodynamic or kinetic treatments of SOA partitioning for accurate predictions of gas- and particle-phase concentrations of semi-volatile compounds in regional and global chemical transport models.

scholarly journals Mass Accommodation and Gas-Particle Partitioning in Secondary Organic Aerosols: Dependence on Diffusivity, Volatility, Particle-phase Reactions, and Penetration Depth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Shiraiwa ◽  
Ulrich Pöschl
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Effective Mass ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Accommodation Coefficient ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Mass Accommodation Coefficient

Abstract. Mass accommodation is an essential process for gas-particle partitioning of organic compounds in secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The mass accommodation coefficient is commonly described as the probability of a gas molecule colliding with the surface to enter the particle phase. It is often applied, however, without specifying if and how deep a molecule has to penetrate beneath the surface to be regarded as incorporated into the condensed phase (adsorption vs. absorption). While this aspect is usually not critical for liquid particles with rapid surface-bulk exchange, it can be important for viscous semisolid or glassy solid particles to distinguish and resolve the kinetics of accommodation at the surface, transfer across the gas-particle interface, and further transport into the particle bulk. For this purpose, we introduce a novel parameter: an effective mass accommodation coefficient αeff that depends on penetration depth and is a function of surface accommodation coefficient, volatility, bulk diffusivity, and particle-phase reaction rate coefficient. Application of αeff in the traditional Fuchs-Sutugin approximation of mass-transport kinetics at the gas-particle interface yields SOA partitioning results that are consistent with a detailed kinetic multilayer model (KM-GAP, Shiraiwa et al., 2012) and two-film model solutions (MOSAIC, Zaveri et al., 2014) but deviate substantially from earlier modeling approaches not considering the influence of penetration depth and related parameters. For highly viscous or semisolid particles, we show that the effective mass accommodation coefficient remains similar to the surface accommodation coefficient in case of low-volatile compounds, whereas it can decrease by several orders of magnitude in case of semi-volatile compounds. Such effects can explain apparent inconsistencies between earlier studies deriving mass accommodation coefficients from experimental data or from molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings challenge the approach of traditional SOA models using the Fuchs-Sutugin approximation of mass transfer kinetics with a fixed mass accommodation coefficient regardless of particle phase state and penetration depth. The effective mass accommodation coefficient introduced in this study provides an efficient new way of accounting for the influence of volatility, diffusivity, and particle-phase reactions on SOA partitioning in process models as well as in regional and global air quality models.

scholarly journals Overview of the field measurement campaign in Hyytiälä, August 2001 in the framework of the EU project OSOA

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boy ◽  
T. Petäjä ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
Ü. Rannik ◽  
J. Rinne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Condensation Sink

Abstract. As part of the OSOA (Origin and formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols) project, two intensive field campaigns were conducted in Melpitz, Germany and Hyytiälä, Finland. This paper gives an overview of the measurements made during the Hyytiälä campaign, which was held between 1 and 16 August 2001. Various instrumental techniques were used to achieve physical and chemical characterisation of aerosols and to investigate possible precursor gases. During the OSOA campaign in Hyytiälä, particle formation was observed on three consecutive days at the beginning of the campaign (1 to 3 August 2001) and on three days later on. The investigation of the meteorological situation divided the campaign into two parts. During the first three days of August, relatively cold and clean air masses from northwest passed over the station (condensation sink – CS: <0.002 s-1, NOx: <0.5 ppb). Daily particle bursts of one fraction of the nucleation mode aerosols (3–10 nm) with number concentrations between 600–1200 particles cm-3 were observed. After this period, warmer and more polluted air from south-west to south-east arrived at the station (CS: 0.002–0.01 s-1, NOx: 0.5–4 ppb) and during these 13 days only three events were observed. These events were not as apparent as those that occurred during the earlier period of the campaign. The chemical analyses from different institutes of PM2, PM2.5 and PM10 particles confirmed the assumption that organic matter from the oxidation of various terpenes contributed to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Concerning these conclusions among others, the ratio between formic (oxidation product of isoprene and monoterpenes by ozone) and acetic acid (increased by anthropogenic emissions) (ratio=1 to 1.5) and concentration of different carboxylic acids (up to 62 ngm-3) were investigated. Gas/particle partitioning of five photo-oxidation products from α- and β-pinene resulted in higher concentrations of pinonic, nor pinonic and pinic acids in the particle phase than in the gas phase, which indicates a preference to the particle phase for these compounds. The average growth factors (GF) from 100 nm particles in water vapour gave a diurnal pattern with a maximum during daytime and values between 1.2 and 1.7. On average, the amount of secondary organic carbon reached values around 19% of the sampled aerosols and we speculate that formation of SOA with the influence of photo-oxidation products from terpenes was the reason for the observed particle bursts during the campaign. However, correlations between the precursor gases or the favourable condensing species with the monitored nucleation mode particles were not found. For the investigated time period other factors like the condensation sink of newly formed particles to the pre-existing aerosols, temperature and solar irradiance seem to be more important steering parameters for the production of new aerosols. Another open question concerns the vertical distribution of the formation of SOA. For this reason measurements were conducted at different altitudes using a tethered balloon platform with particle sampling and particle counting equipment. They were incorporated with eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements made at 23 m above ground level. The results give first indications that production of new aerosols happens throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL), whereby different parameters e.g. temperature, CS, solar irradiance or concentration of monoterpenes are responsible for the location of the vertical maximum.

scholarly journals Mass accommodation and gas–particle partitioning in secondary organic aerosols: dependence on diffusivity, volatility, particle-phase reactions, and penetration depth

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1565-1580
Author(s):  
Manabu Shiraiwa ◽  
Ulrich Pöschl
Keyword(s):  
Effective Mass ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Accommodation Coefficient ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Multilayer Model ◽  
Mass Accommodation Coefficient ◽  
Semi Solid

Abstract. Mass accommodation is an essential process for gas–particle partitioning of organic compounds in secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The mass accommodation coefficient is commonly described as the probability of a gas molecule colliding with the surface to enter the particle phase. It is often applied, however, without specifying if and how deep a molecule has to penetrate beneath the surface to be regarded as being incorporated into the condensed phase (adsorption vs. absorption). While this aspect is usually not critical for liquid particles with rapid surface–bulk exchange, it can be important for viscous semi-solid or glassy solid particles to distinguish and resolve the kinetics of accommodation at the surface, transfer across the gas–particle interface, and further transport into the particle bulk. For this purpose, we introduce a novel parameter: an effective mass accommodation coefficient αeff that depends on penetration depth and is a function of surface accommodation coefficient, volatility, bulk diffusivity, and particle-phase reaction rate coefficient. Application of αeff in the traditional Fuchs–Sutugin approximation of mass-transport kinetics at the gas–particle interface yields SOA partitioning results that are consistent with a detailed kinetic multilayer model (kinetic multilayer model of gas–particle interactions in aerosols and clouds, KM-GAP; Shiraiwa et al., 2012) and two-film model solutions (Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry, MOSAIC; Zaveri et al., 2014) but deviate substantially from earlier modeling approaches not considering the influence of penetration depth and related parameters. For highly viscous or semi-solid particles, we show that the effective mass accommodation coefficient remains similar to the surface accommodation coefficient in the case of low-volatility compounds, whereas it can decrease by several orders of magnitude in the case of semi-volatile compounds. Such effects can explain apparent inconsistencies between earlier studies deriving mass accommodation coefficients from experimental data or from molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings challenge the approach of traditional SOA models using the Fuchs–Sutugin approximation of mass transfer kinetics with a fixed mass accommodation coefficient, regardless of particle phase state and penetration depth. The effective mass accommodation coefficient introduced in this study provides an efficient new way of accounting for the influence of volatility, diffusivity, and particle-phase reactions on SOA partitioning in process models as well as in regional and global air quality models. While kinetic limitations may not be critical for partitioning into liquid SOA particles in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the effects are likely important for amorphous semi-solid or glassy SOA in the free and upper troposphere (FT–UT) as well as in the PBL at low relative humidity and low temperature.

scholarly journals Overview of the field measurement campaign in Hyytiälä, August 2001 in the framework of the EU project OSOA

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 3769-3831 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boy ◽  
T. Petäja ◽  
M. Dal Maso ◽  
Ü. Rannik ◽  
J. Rinne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Condensation Sink

Abstract. As one part of the OSOA (Origin and formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols) project, two intensive field campaigns were conducted in Melpitz, Germany and Hyytiälä, Finland. This paper gives an overview of the measurements made during the Hyytiälä campaign, which was held between the 1st and 16th of August 2001. Various instrumental techniques were used to achieve physical and chemical characterisation of aerosols and to investigate possible precursor gases. During the OSOA campaign in Hyytiälä, particle formation was observed on three consecutive days at the beginning of the campaign (1 to 3 August 2001) and on three days later on. The investigation of the meteorological situation divided the campaign into two parts. During the first three days of August, relatively cold and clean air masses from northwest passed over the station (condensation sink – CS: <0.002 s−1, NOx: < 0.5 ppb). Daily particle bursts of one fraction of the nucleation mode aerosols (3–10\\,nm) with number concentrations between 600–1200 particles cm-3 were observed. After this period, warmer and more polluted air from south-west to south-east arrived at the station (CS: 0.002-0.01 s−1, NOx: 0.5–4 ppb) and during these 13 days only three events were observed. These events were not as apparent as those that occurred during the earlier period of the campaign. The chemical analyses from different institutes of PM2, PM2.5 and PM10 particles confirmed the assumption that organic matter from the oxidation of various terpenes contributed to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Concerning these conclusions among others, the ratio between formic (oxidation product of isoprene and monoterpenes by ozone) and acetic acid (increased by anthropogenic emissions) (ratio=1 to 1.5) and concentration of different carboxylic acids (up to 62 ng m−3) were investigated. Gas/particle partitioning of five photo-oxidation products from α- and β-pinene resulted in higher concentrations for pinonic, nor pinonic and pinic acids in the particle phase than in the gas phase, which indicates preference to the particle phase for these compounds. The average growth factors (GF) from 100 nm particles in water vapour gave a diurnal pattern with a maximum during daytime and values between 1.2 and 1.7. On average, the amount of secondary organic carbon reached values around of 19% of the sampled aerosols and the results indicate that formation of SOA with the influence of photo-oxidation products from terpenes was the reason for the observed particle bursts during the campaign. However, correlations between the precursor gases or the favourable condensing species with the monitored nucleation mode particles were not found. For the investigated time period other factors like the condensation sink of newly formed particles to the pre-existing aerosols, temperature and solar irradiance seem to be more important steering parameters for the production of new aerosols. Another open question concerns the vertical distribution of the formation of SOA. For this reason measurements were conducted at different altitudes using a tethered balloon platform with particle sampling and particle counting equipment. They were incorporated with eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements made at 23 m above ground level. The results give first indications that the process of the production of new aerosols happens throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL), whereby different parameters e.g. temperature, CS, solar irradiance or concentration of monoterpenes are responsible for the location of the vertical maximum.

scholarly journals Global distribution of particle phase state in atmospheric secondary organic aerosols

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabu Shiraiwa ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Alexandra P. Tsimpidi ◽  
Vlassis A. Karydis ◽  
Thomas Berkemeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase State ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosols ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Particle Phase

Aromatic Volatile Composition of Celery and Celeriac Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredy Van Wassenhove ◽  
Patrick Dirinck ◽  
Georges Vulsteke ◽  
Niceas Schamp
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Volatile Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Identification And Quantification

A two-dimensional capillary gas chromatographic method was developed to separate and quantify aromatic volatiles of celery in one analysis. The isolation, identification, and quantification of the volatile compounds of four cultivars of blanching celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) and six cultivars of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) are described. The qualitative composition of Likens-Nickerson extracts of both cultivars is similar. The concentration of terpenes and phthalides, the key volatile components, found in various cultivars of both celery and celeriac varied over a wide range.

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