scholarly journals Fungal spores overwhelm biogenic organic aerosols in a mid-latitudinal forest

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmao Zhu ◽  
Kimitaka Kawamura ◽  
Yasuro Fukuda ◽  
Michihiro Mochida ◽  
Yoko Iwamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. Both primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) and oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) contribute significantly to organic aerosols (OA) in forested regions. However, little is known on their relative importance in diurnal time scales. Here, we report biomarkers of PBAP and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) for their diurnal variability in a temperate coniferous forest in Wakayama, Japan. Tracers of fungal spores, trehalose, arabitol and mannitol, showed significantly higher levels in nighttime than daytime (p < 0.05), resulting from the nocturnal sporulation under near saturated relative humidity. On the contrary, BVOC oxidation products showed higher levels in daytime than nighttime, indicating substantial photochemical SOA formation. Using tracer-based methods, we estimated that fungal spores account for 45 % of organic carbon (OC) in nighttime and 22 % in daytime, whereas BVOC oxidation products account for 15 % and 19 %, respectively. To our knowledge, we present for the first time highly time-resolved results that fungal spores overwhelmed BVOC oxidation products in contributing to OA especially in nighttime. This study emphasizes the importance of both PBAPs and SOAs in forming forest organic aerosols.

scholarly journals Fungal spores overwhelm biogenic organic aerosols in a midlatitudinal forest

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 7497-7506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmao Zhu ◽  
Kimitaka Kawamura ◽  
Yasuro Fukuda ◽  
Michihiro Mochida ◽  
Yoko Iwamoto
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. Both primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) and oxidation products of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) contribute significantly to organic aerosols (OAs) in forested regions. However, little is known about their relative importance in diurnal timescales. Here, we report biomarkers of PBAP and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) for their diurnal variability in a temperate coniferous forest in Wakayama, Japan. Tracers of fungal spores, trehalose, arabitol and mannitol, showed significantly higher levels in nighttime than daytime (p < 0.05), resulting from the nocturnal sporulation under near-saturated relative humidity. On the contrary, BVOC oxidation products showed higher levels in daytime than nighttime, indicating substantial photochemical SOA formation. Using tracer-based methods, we estimated that fungal spores account for 45 % of organic carbon (OC) in nighttime and 22 % in daytime, whereas BVOC oxidation products account for 15 and 19 %, respectively. To our knowledge, we present for the first time highly time-resolved results that fungal spores overwhelmed BVOC oxidation products in contributing to OA especially in nighttime. This study emphasizes the importance of both PBAPs and SOAs in forming forest organic aerosols.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Biogenic VOC emissions profiles of Rapeseed leaf litter and their SOA formation potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Abis ◽  
Carmen Kalalian ◽  
Bastien Lunardelli ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Liwu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Uv Light Irradiation ◽  
Biogenic Voc ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. We analysed the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from rapeseed leaves litter and their potential to create secondary organic aerosols (SOA) under three different conditions i.e., (i) in presence of UV light irradiation; (ii) in presence of ozone, and (iii) with both ozone and UV light. These experiments have been performed in a controlled atmospheric simulation chamber containing leaves litter samples, where BVOC and aerosol number concentrations have been measured for 6 days. Our results show that BVOC emission profiles were affected by UV light irradiation, which increased the summed BVOC emissions compared to the experiment with solely O3. Furthermore, the diversity of emitted VOCs from the rapeseed litter increased also in presence of UV light irradiation. SOA formation was observed when leaves litter were exposed to both UV light and O3, indicating a potentially large contribution to particle formation or growth at local scales. To our knowledge, this study investigates for the first time the effect of UV irradiation and O3 exposure on both VOC emissions and SOA formation for leaves litter samples. A detailed discussion about the processes behind the biological production of the most important VOC is proposed.

scholarly journals Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 5491-5514 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hodzic ◽  
J. L. Jimenez ◽  
S. Madronich ◽  
M. R. Canagaratna ◽  
P. F. DeCarlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
The City

Abstract. It has been established that observed local and regional levels of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in polluted areas cannot be explained by the oxidation and partitioning of anthropogenic and biogenic VOC precursors, at least using current mechanisms and parameterizations. In this study, the 3-D regional air quality model CHIMERE is applied to estimate the potential contribution to SOA formation of recently identified semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic precursors (S/IVOC) in and around Mexico City for the MILAGRO field experiment during March 2006. The model has been updated to include explicitly the volatility distribution of primary organic aerosols (POA), their gas-particle partitioning and the gas-phase oxidation of the vapors. Two recently proposed parameterizations, those of Robinson et al. (2007) ("ROB") and Grieshop et al. (2009) ("GRI") are compared and evaluated against surface and aircraft measurements. The 3-D model results are assessed by comparing with the concentrations of OA components from Positive Matrix Factorization of Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) data, and for the first time also with oxygen-to-carbon ratios derived from high-resolution AMS measurements. The results show a substantial enhancement in predicted SOA concentrations (2–4 times) with respect to the previously published base case without S/IVOCs (Hodzic et al., 2009), both within and downwind of the city leading to much reduced discrepancies with the total OA measurements. Model improvements in OA predictions are associated with the better-captured SOA magnitude and diurnal variability. The predicted production from anthropogenic and biomass burning S/IVOC represents 40–60% of the total measured SOA at the surface during the day and is somewhat larger than that from commonly measured aromatic VOCs, especially at the T1 site at the edge of the city. The SOA production from the continued multi-generation S/IVOC oxidation products continues actively downwind. Similar to aircraft observations, the predicted OA/ΔCO ratio for the ROB case increases from 20–30 μg sm−3 ppm−1 up to 60–70 μg sm−3 ppm−1 between a fresh and 1-day aged air mass, while the GRI case produces a 30% higher OA growth than observed. The predicted average O/C ratio of total OA for the ROB case is 0.16 at T0, substantially below observed value of 0.5. A much better agreement for O/C ratios and temporal variability (R2=0.63) is achieved with the updated GRI treatment. Both treatments show a deficiency in regard to POA ageing with a tendency to over-evaporate POA upon dilution of the urban plume suggesting that atmospheric HOA may be less volatile than assumed in these parameterizations. This study highlights the important potential role of S/IVOC chemistry in the SOA budget in this region, and highlights the need for further improvements in available parameterizations. The agreement observed in this study is not sufficient evidence to conclude that S/IVOC are the major missing SOA source in megacity environments. The model is still very underconstrained, and other possible pathways such as formation from very volatile species like glyoxal may explain some of the mass and especially increase the O/C ratio.

scholarly journals Fluorescent biological aerosol particles measured with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor WIBS-4: laboratory tests combined with a one year field study

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Toprak ◽  
M. Schnaiter
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Ambient Aerosol ◽  
Late Night ◽  
One Year ◽  
Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. In this paper bioaerosol measurements conducted with the Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor mark 4 (WIBS-4) are presented. The measurements comprise aerosol chamber characterization experiments and a one-year ambient measurement period at a semi-rural site in South Western Germany. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of WIBS-4 to biological and non-biological aerosols and detection of biological particles in the ambient aerosol. Several types of biological and non-biological aerosol samples, including fungal spores, bacteria, mineral dust, ammonium sulphate, combustion soot, and fluorescent polystyrene spheres, were analyzed by WIBS-4 in the laboratory. The results confirm the sensitivity of the ultraviolet light-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) method to biological fluorophores and show the good discrimination capabilities of the two excitation wavelengths/detection wavebands method applied in WIBS-4. However, a weak cross-sensitivity to non-biological fluorescent interferers remains and is discussed in this paper. All the laboratory studies have been undertaken in order to prepare WIBS-4 for ambient aerosol measurements. According to the one-year ambient aerosol study, number concentration of fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAP) show strong seasonal and diurnal variability. The highest number concentration of FBAP was measured during the summer term and decreased towards the winter period when colder and drier conditions prevail. Diurnal FBAP concentrations start to increase after sunset and reach maximum values during the late night and early morning hours. On the other hand, the total aerosol number concentration was almost always higher during daytime than during nighttime and a sharp decrease after sunset was observed. There was no correlation observed between the FBAP concentration and the meteorological parameters temperature, precipitation, wind direction and wind speed. However, a clear correlation was identified between the FBAP number concentration and the relative humidity. Humidity-controlled release mechanisms of some fungal spore species are discussed as a possible explanation.

scholarly journals Isoprene nitrates: preparation, separation, identification, yields, and atmospheric chemistry

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 10625-10651 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Lockwood ◽  
P. B. Shepson ◽  
M. N. Fiddler ◽  
M. Alaghmand
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Organic Nitrates ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Isoprene Nitrates ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Isoprene is an important atmospheric volatile organic compound involved in ozone production and NOx (NO+NO2) sequestration and transport. Isoprene reaction with OH in the presence of NO can form either isoprene nitrates or convert NO to NO2 which can photolyze to form ozone. While it has been shown that isoprene nitrate production can represent an important sink for NOx in forest impacted environments, there is little experimental knowledge of the relative importance of the individual isoprene nitrate isomers, each of which has a different fate and reactivity. In this work, we have identified the 8 individual isomers and determined their total and individual production yields. The overall yield of isoprene nitrates at atmospheric pressure and 295 K was found to be 0.070(+0.025/–0.015). Three isomers, the (4,3)-IN, (1,2)-IN and Z-(4,1)-IN represent 90% of the total IN yield. We also determined the ozone rate constants for three of the isomers, and have calculated their atmospheric lifetimes, which range from ~1–2 h, making their oxidation products likely more important as atmospheric organic nitrates and sinks for nitrogen.

scholarly journals Boreal forest soil is a significant and diverse source of volatile organic compounds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Mäki ◽  
Hermanni Aaltonen ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Heidi Hellén ◽  
Jukka Pumpanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Vegetation emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are intensively studied world-wide because oxidation products of VOCs contribute to atmospheric processes, but the quantities by which different species of VOCs are produced by soil, or how effectively belowground VOCs are released into the atmosphere from soil remains largely unknown. This is the first published study that measures belowground VOC concentrations at different depths in a podzol combined with simultaneous soil surface flux measurements in a boreal coniferous forest. More than 50 VOCs, dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were detected in the air space in the soil during the two measurement campaigns. Organic forest soil was a significant monoterpene source as it contained fresh isoprenoid-rich litter, and the concentrations of monoterpenes were comparable to the VOC concentrations in the air above the coniferous forest. Belowground monoterpene concentrations were largely decoupled from forest floor monoterpene fluxes; thus, it seems that production processes and storages of VOCs partly differ from those VOCs that are simultaneously emitted from the soil surface. Relatively high isoprenoid concentrations were measured under snow cover, which indicates that snow and ice cover hinders gas diffusion and causes belowground accumulation of VOCs when the activity of vegetation is very low.

scholarly journals Potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol in the Mexico City region

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 657-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hodzic ◽  
J. L. Jimenez ◽  
S. Madronich ◽  
M. R. Canagaratna ◽  
P. F. DeCarlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. It has been established that observed local and regional levels of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in polluted areas cannot be explained by the oxidation and partitioning of anthropogenic and biogenic VOC precursors, at least using current mechanisms and parameterizations. In this study, the 3-D regional air quality model CHIMERE is applied to quantify the contribution to SOA formation of recently identified semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic vapors (S/IVOC) in and around Mexico City for the MILAGRO field experiment during March 2006. The model has been updated to include explicitly the volatility distribution of primary organic aerosols (POA), their gas-particle partitioning and the gas-phase oxidation of the vapors. Two recently proposed parameterizations, those of Robinson et al. (2007) ("ROB") and Grieshop et al. (2009) ("GRI") are compared and evaluated against surface and aircraft measurements. The 3-D model results are assessed by comparing with the concentrations of OA components from Positive Matrix Factorization of Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) data, and for the first time also with oxygen-to-carbon ratios derived from high-resolution AMS measurements. The results show a substantial enhancement in predicted SOA concentrations (3–6 times) with respect to the previously published base case without S/IVOCs (Hodzic et al., 2009), both within and downwind of the city leading to much reduced discrepancies with the total OA measurements. The predicted anthropogenic POA levels are found to agree within 20% with the observed HOA concentrations for both the ROB and GRI simulations, consistent with the interpretation of the emissions inventory by previous studies. The impact of biomass burning POA within the city is underestimated in comparison to the AMS BBOA, presumably due to insufficient nighttime smoldering emissions. Model improvements in OA predictions are associated with the better-captured SOA magnitude and diurnal variability. The predicted production from anthropogenic and biomass burning S/IVOC represents 40–60% of the total SOA at the surface during the day and is somewhat larger than that from aromatics, especially at the T1 site at the edge of the city. The SOA production from the continued multi-generation S/IVOC oxidation products continues actively downwind. Similar to aircraft observations, the predicted OA/ΔCO ratio for the ROB case increases from 20–30 μg sm−3 ppm−1 up to 60–70 μg sm−3 ppm−1 between a fresh and 1-day aged air mass, while the GRI case produces a 30–40% higher OA growth than observed. The predicted average O/C ratio of total OA for the ROB case is 0.16 at T0, substantially below observed value of 0.5. A much better agreement for O/C ratios and temporal variability (R2=0.63) is achieved with the updated GRI treatment. Both treatments show a deficiency in regard to POA evolution with a tendency to over-evaporate POA upon dilution of the urban plume suggesting that atmospheric HOA may be less volatile than assumed in these parameterizations. This study highlights the important potential role of S/IVOC chemistry in the SOA budget in this region, and highlights the need for improvements in current parameterizations. We note that our simulations did not include other proposed pathways of SOA formation such as formation from very volatile species like glyoxal, which can also contribute SOA mass and especially increase the O/C ratio.

scholarly journals Isoprene nitrates: preparation, separation, identification, yields, and atmospheric chemistry

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 6169-6178 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Lockwood ◽  
P. B. Shepson ◽  
M. N. Fiddler ◽  
M. Alaghmand
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Organic Nitrates ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Experimental Knowledge ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Isoprene Nitrates ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Isoprene is an important atmospheric volatile organic compound involved in ozone production and NOx (NO+NO2) sequestration and transport. Isoprene reaction with OH in the presence of NO can form either isoprene hydroxy nitrates ("isoprene nitrates") or convert NO to NO2 which can photolyze to form ozone. While it has been shown that isoprene nitrate production can represent an important sink for NOx in forest impacted environments, there is little experimental knowledge of the relative importance of the individual isoprene nitrate isomers, each of which has a different fate and reactivity. In this work, we have identified the 8 individual isomers and determined their total and individual production yields. The overall yield of isoprene nitrates at atmospheric pressure and 295 K was found to be 0.070(+0.025/−0.015). Three isomers, representing nitrates resulting from OH addition to a terminal carbon, represent 90% of the total IN yield. We also determined the ozone rate constants for three of the isomers, and have calculated their atmospheric lifetimes, which range from ~1–2 h, making their oxidation products likely more important as atmospheric organic nitrates and sinks for nitrogen.

scholarly journals Allelopathic Effect of Serphidium kaschgaricum (Krasch.) Poljak. Volatiles on Selected Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Shixing Zhou ◽  
Toshmatov Zokir ◽  
Yu Mei ◽  
Lijing Lei ◽  
Kai Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stem Leaf

The chemical profile and allelopathic effect of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by a dominant shrub Serphidium kaschgaricum (Krasch.) Poljak. growing in northwestern China was investigated for the first time. Serphidium kaschgaricu was found to release volatile compounds into the surroundings to affect other plants’ growth, with its VOCs suppressing root elongation of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Poa annua L. by 65.47% and 60.37% at 10 g/1.5 L treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, volatile oils produced by stems, leaves, flowers and flowering shoots exhibited phytotoxic activity against A. retroflexus and P. annua. At 0.5 mg/mL, stem, leaf and flower oils significantly reduced seedling growth of the receiver plants, and 1.5 mg/mL oils nearly completely prohibited seed germination of both species. GC/MS analysis revealed that among the total 37 identified compounds in the oils, 19 of them were common, with eucalyptol (43.00%, 36.66%, 19.52%, and 38.68% in stem, leaf, flower and flowering shoot oils, respectively) and camphor (21.55%, 24.91%, 21.64%, and 23.35%, respectively) consistently being the dominant constituents in all oils. Eucalyptol, camphor and their mixture exhibited much weaker phytotoxicity compared with the volatile oils, implying that less abundant compounds in the volatile oil might contribute significantly to the oils’ activity. Our results suggested that S. kaschgaricum was capable of synthesizing and releasing allelopathic volatile compounds into the surroundings to affect neighboring plants’ growth, which might improve its competitiveness thus facilitate the establishment of dominance.

scholarly journals Fast and Reliable Multiresidue Analysis of Aromas in Wine by Means of Gas Chromatography Coupled with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Analytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Ettore Guerriero ◽  
Massimo Iorizzo ◽  
Marina Cerasa ◽  
Ivan Notardonato ◽  
Bruno Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Headspace Analysis ◽  
White Wine ◽  
Quadrupole Mass ◽  
Multiresidue Analysis ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
First Time

The paper would like to show a direct injection into GC-MS/QqQ for the determination of secondary aromas in white wine samples fermented in two different ways. The procedure has been compared with more traditional methods used in this field, i.e., headspace analysis and liquid–liquid extraction. The application of such direct injection, for the first time in the literature, allows us to analyze Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the range 0.1–100 µg mL−1, with Limits of Detection (LODs) and Limits of Quantification (LOQs) between 0.01–0.05 µg mL−1 and 0.03–0.09 µg mL−1, respectively, intraday and interday below 5.6% and 8.5%, respectively, and recoveries above 92% at two different fortification levels. The procedure has been applied to real wine samples: it evidences how the fermentation in wood (cherry) barrel yields higher VOC levels than ones in wine fermented in steel tank, causing production of different secondary aromas and different relative flavors.

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