scholarly journals Aerosol emission factors from traditional biomass cookstoves in India: Insights from field measurements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorva Pandey ◽  
Sameer Patel ◽  
Shamsh Pervez ◽  
Suresh Tiwari ◽  
Gautam Yadama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Cooking Methods ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Biomass Cookstoves

Abstract. Residential solid biomass cookstoves are important sources of aerosol emissions in India. Cookstove emission rates are largely based on laboratory experiments conducted using the standard water-boiling test, but real-world emissions are often higher owing to different stove designs, fuels, and cooking methods. Constraining mass emission factors (EFs) for prevalent cookstoves is important because they serve as inputs to bottom-up emission inventories used to evaluate health and climate impacts. Real-world EFs were measured during winter, 2015, for a traditional cookstove (chulha) burning fuel-wood (FW), agricultural residue (AG) and dung (DG) from different regions of India. Average (±95 % confidence interval) EFs for FW, AG, and DG were: 1) PM2.5 mass: 6.8 (4.7–9.4) g kg−1, 7.1 (3.9–11.8) g kg−1, and 14.5 (7.5–25.3) g kg−1, respectively; 2) elemental carbon (EC): 0.6 (0.4–0.9) g kg−1, 1.0 (0.4–2.0) g kg−1, and 0.6 (0.3–1.3) g kg−1, respectively; and 3) Organic carbon (OC): 3.1 (2.0–4.6) g kg−1, 4.5 (2.3–8.0) g kg−1, and 8.2 (4.2–15.01) g kg−1, respectively. The mean (±95 % confidence interval) OC-to-EC mass ratios were 6.5 (4.5–9.1), 7.6 (4.4–12.2), and 12.7 (8.8–17.8), respectively, with OC and EC quantified by the IMPROVE_A thermal/optical reflectance protocol. These real-world EFs are higher than those from laboratory-based measurements. Combustion conditions have larger effects on EFs than the fuel-types. We also report the carbon mass fractions of our aerosol samples determined using the thermal-optical reflectance method. The mass fraction profiles are consistent between the three fuel categories, but markedly different from those reported in past literature.

scholarly journals Aerosol emissions factors from traditional biomass cookstoves in India: insights from field measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 13721-13729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorva Pandey ◽  
Sameer Patel ◽  
Shamsh Pervez ◽  
Suresh Tiwari ◽  
Gautam Yadama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Real World ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Optical Reflectance ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
Biomass Cookstoves

Abstract. Residential solid biomass cookstoves are important sources of aerosol emissions in India. Cookstove emissions rates are largely based on laboratory experiments conducted using the standard water-boiling test, but real-world emissions are often higher owing to different stove designs, fuels, and cooking methods. Constraining mass emissions factors (EFs) for prevalent cookstoves is important because they serve as inputs to bottom-up emissions inventories used to evaluate health and climate impacts. Real-world EFs were measured during winter 2015 for a traditional cookstove (chulha) burning fuel wood, agricultural residue, and dung from different regions of India. Average (±95 % confidence interval) EFs for fuel wood, agricultural residue, and dung were (1) PM2.5 mass: 10.5 (7.7–13.4) g kg−1, 11.1 (7.7–15.5) g kg−1, and 22.6 (14.9–32.9) g kg−1, respectively; (2) elemental carbon (EC): 0.9 (0.6–1.4) g kg−1, 1.6 (0.6–3.0) g kg−1, and 1.0 (0.4–2.0) g kg−1, respectively; and (3) organic carbon (OC): 4.9 (3.2–7.1) g kg−1, 7.0 (3.5–12.5) g kg−1, and 12.9 (4.2–15.01) g kg−1, respectively. The mean (±95 % confidence interval) OC ∕ EC mass ratios were 6.5 (4.5–9.1), 7.6 (4.4–12.2), and 12.7 (6.5–23.3), respectively, with OC and EC quantified by the IMPROVE_A thermal-optical reflectance protocol. These real-world EFs are higher than those from previous laboratory-based measurements. Combustion conditions have larger effects on EFs than the fuel types. We also report the carbon mass fractions of our aerosol samples determined using the thermal-optical reflectance method. The mass fraction profiles are consistent between the three fuel categories but markedly different from those reported in past literature – including the source profiles for wood stove PM2.5 emissions developed as inputs to receptor modeling studies conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. Thermally stable OC (OC3 in the IMPROVE_A protocol) contributed nearly 50 % of the total carbon mass for emissions from all fuels.

Influence of Passenger Load on Diesel Bus Emissions

2014 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Yu ◽  
Tie Zhu Li ◽  
Yan Ming Ren ◽  
Na Zhu ◽  
Fang Qian
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Real World ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Portable Emission Measurement System ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Road Emission

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of passenger load on diesel bus emissions based on the real-world on-road emission data collected by the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). It is also analyzed whether passenger load affect the accuracy of emission models based on VSP. The results indicate that the influence of passenger load on emission rates of CO2, CO, NOX and HC is various with different speed and acceleration ranges. As for the distance-based emission factors of CO2, CO, NOX and HC, per-passenger emission factors decrease with the rise of passenger load. In addition, it is found that the influence of passenger load can be omitted properly in the emission models of low and middle speed bins. But that can lead to an error reaching up to 49% if the influence of passenger load is neglected in the models of high speed bins.

scholarly journals Aerosol emission in professional singing of classical music

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Mürbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Hansjörg Rotheudt ◽  
Mario Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Professional Singers ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

AbstractIn this study, emission rates of aerosols emitted by professional singers were measured with a laser particle counter under cleanroom conditions. The emission rates during singing varied between 753 and 6093 particles/sec with a median of 1537 particles/sec. Emission rates for singing were compared with data for breathing and speaking. Significantly higher emission rates were found for singing. The emission enhancements between singing and speaking were between 4.0 and 99.5 with a median of 17.4, largely due to higher sound pressure levels when singing. Further, significant effects of vocal loudness were found, whereas there were no significant differences between the investigated voice classifications. The present study supports the efforts to improve the risk management in cases of possible aerogenic virus transmission, especially for choir singing.

scholarly journals Plume-based analysis of vehicle fleet air pollutant emissions and the contribution from high emitters

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2881-2912 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wang ◽  
C.-H. Jeong ◽  
N. Zimmerman ◽  
R. M. Healy ◽  
D. K. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Real World ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Automated Identification ◽  
Vehicle Fleet

Abstract. An automated identification and integration method has been developed to investigate in-use vehicle emissions under real-world conditions. This technique was applied to high time resolution air pollutant measurements of in-use vehicle emissions performed under real-world conditions at a near-road monitoring station in Toronto, Canada during four seasons, through month-long campaigns in 2013–2014. Based on carbon dioxide measurements, over 100 000 vehicle-related plumes were automatically identified and fuel-based emission factors for nitrogen oxides; carbon monoxide; particle number, black carbon; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX); and methanol were determined for each plume. Thus the automated identification enabled the measurement of an unprecedented number of plumes and pollutants over an extended duration. Emission factors for volatile organic compounds were also measured roadside for the first time using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer; this instrument provided the time resolution required for the plume capture technique. Mean emission factors were characteristic of the light-duty gasoline dominated vehicle fleet present at the measurement site, with mean black carbon and particle number emission factors of 35 mg kg−1 and 7.7 × 1014 kg−1, respectively. The use of the plume-by-plume analysis enabled isolation of vehicle emissions, and the elucidation of co-emitted pollutants from similar vehicle types, variability of emissions across the fleet, and the relative contribution from heavy emitters. It was found that a small proportion of the fleet (< 25%) contributed significantly to total fleet emissions; 95, 93, 76, and 75% for black carbon, carbon monoxide, BTEX, and particle number, respectively. Emission factors of a single pollutant may help classify a vehicle as a high emitter. However, regulatory strategies to more efficiently target multi-pollutants mixtures may be better developed by considering the co-emitted pollutants as well.

scholarly journals Could aerosol emissions be used for regional heat wave mitigation?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 23793-23828
Author(s):  
D. N. Bernstein ◽  
J. D. Neelin ◽  
Q. B. Li ◽  
D. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Geoengineering applications by injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere are under consideration as a measure of last resort to counter global warming. Here adaptation to a potential regional scale application to offset the impacts of heat waves is critically examined. The effect of regional scale sulfate aerosol emission over California in each of two days of the July 2006 heat wave using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with fully coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to quantify potential reductions in surface temperature as a function of emission rates in the lower stratosphere. Over the range considered, afternoon temperature reductions scale almost linearly with injections. Local meteorological factors yield geographical differences in surface air temperature sensitivity. For emission rates of approximately 30 μg m−2 s−1 of sulfate aerosols (with standard WRF-Chem size distribution) over the region, temperature decreases of around 7 °C result during the middle part of the day over the Central Valley, one of the hardest hit by the heat wave. Regions more ventilated with oceanic air such as Los Angeles have slightly smaller reductions. The length of the hottest part of the day is also reduced. Advection effects on the aerosol cloud must be more carefully forecast for smaller injection regions. Verification of the impacts could be done via measurements of differences in reflected and surface downward shortwave. Such regional geoengineering applications with specific near-term target effects but smaller cost and side effects could potentially provide a means of testing larger scale applications. However, design trade-offs differ from global applications and the size of the required injections and the necessity of injection close to the target region raise substantial concerns. The evaluation of this regional scale application is thus consistent with global model evaluations emphasizing that mitigation via reduction of fossil fuels remains preferable to considering geoengineering with sulfate aerosols.

scholarly journals Aerosol emission of child voices during speaking, singing and shouting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Muerbe ◽  
Martin Kriegel ◽  
Julia Lange ◽  
Lukas Schumann ◽  
Anne Hartmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, singing activities for children and young people have been strictly regulated with far-reaching consequences for music education in schools and ensemble and choir singing in some places. This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from children's speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that children emit fewer aerosols during singing than what has been known so far for adults. In our data, the emission rates ranged from 16 P/s to 267 P/s for speaking, 141 P/s to 1240 P/s for singing, and 683 P/s to 4332 P/s for shouting. The data advocate an adaptation of existing risk management strategies and rules of conduct for groups of singing children, like gatherings in an educational context, e.g. singing lessons or choir rehearsals.

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