scholarly journals Opinion: The germicidal effect of ambient air (open-air factor) revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 13011-13018
Author(s):  
R. Anthony Cox ◽  
Markus Ammann ◽  
John N. Crowley ◽  
Paul T. Griffiths ◽  
Hartmut Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Atmospheric Science ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Current State ◽  
Criegee Intermediates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Science Community ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Microbiological Research

Abstract. The term open-air factor (OAF) was coined following microbiological research in the 1960s and 1970s which established that rural air had powerful germicidal properties and attributed this to Criegee intermediates formed in the reaction of ozone with alkenes. We have re-evaluated those early experiments applying the current state of knowledge of ozone–alkene reactions. Contrary to previous speculation, neither Criegee intermediates nor the HO radicals formed in their decomposition are directly responsible for the germicidal activity attributed to the OAF. We identify other potential candidates, which are formed in ozone–alkene reactions and have known (and likely) germicidal properties, but the compounds responsible for the OAF remain a mystery. There has been very little research into the OAF since the 1970s, and this effect seems to have been largely forgotten. In this opinion piece we remind the community of the germicidal open-air factor. Given the current global pandemic spread by an airborne pathogen, understanding the natural germicidal effects of ambient air, solving the mystery of the open-air factor and determining how this effect can be used to improve human welfare should be a high priority for the atmospheric science community.

scholarly journals Opinion: The Germicidal Effect of Ambient Air (Open Air Factor) Revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Anthony Cox ◽  
Markus Ammann ◽  
John N. Crowley ◽  
Paul T. Griffiths ◽  
Hartmut Herrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Atmospheric Science ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Current State ◽  
Criegee Intermediates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Science Community ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Microbiological Research

Abstract. The term Open-Air Factor (OAF) was coined following microbiological research in the 1960s and 1970s which established that rural air had powerful germicidal properties and attributed this to Criegee intermediates formed in the reaction of ozone with alkenes. We have re-evaluated those early experiments applying the current state of knowledge of ozone-alkene reactions. Contrary to previous speculation, neither Criegee intermediates, nor the HO radicals formed in their decomposition, are directly responsible for the germicidal activity attributed to the OAF. We identify other potential candidates, which are formed in ozone-alkene reactions and have known (and likely) germicidal properties, but the compounds responsible for the OAF remain a mystery. There has been very little research into the OAF since the 1970s and this effect seems to have been largely forgotten. In this letter we remind the community of the germicidal open-air factor. Given the current global pandemic spread by an airborne pathogen, understanding the natural germicidal effects of ambient air, solving the mystery of the open-air factor, and determining how this effect can be used to improve human welfare should be a high priority for the atmospheric science community.

Comparative Assessment of Rule-Based Design on the Pressures and Resulting Scantlings of High Speed Powercrafts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Baptiste R.G. Souppez ◽  
Ermina Begovic ◽  
Pradeep Sensharma ◽  
Fuhua Wang ◽  
Anders Rosén
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Marine Vehicles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Design Case Study

The rules and regulations inherent to the design pressures and scantlings of high-speed powercrafts are numerous, and regularly reviewed. Recently, the new ISO 12215-5:2019 made notable changes to the way high-speed crafts are analysed, including extending the acceleration experienced up to 8 g in certain circumstances. Nevertheless, despite the multiple iterations and variety of regulatory bodies, the seminal work undertaken on planing crafts throughout the 1960s and 1970s remains the foundation of any rule-based design requirement. Consequently, this paper investigates an array of recently published rules though a comparative design case study, the current state-of-the-art across a number of regulations, and the ultimate impact on scantlings. The study reveals that, despite divergence in intermediate calculations and assumptions, similar requirements are ultimately achieved. Eventually, discussion on the comparison undertaken and future trends in high-speed marine vehicles is provided, tackling the relevance of classical planing theory in light of contemporary innovations.

Origins of the present crisis?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Scothorne ◽  
Ewan Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Current State ◽  
National Question ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Economic

The current state of the radical left and, more broadly, politics in Scotland has its roots in the unique set of political, economic and intellectual conditions found in the 1960s and 1970s. Where mainstream accounts of the origins and development of Scottish nationalism - and its increasing popularity on the left - emphasise political and economic origins in these decades, this chapter emphasises the equally crucial intellectual developments of the period. Khruschev’s ‘secret speech’, ‘de-Stalinization’ and the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 engendered a growing plurality of perspectives on the European left, and it was under these new conditions that the British left increasingly questioned Stalinist orthodoxies, and established critiques of labourism and the ‘British Road to Socialism’. The search for alternatives to the classical Marxist, social democratic and Soviet canons led to a new theoretical heterodoxy, bringing Gramscian and world-systems theories to the fore along with a more politically ambiguous conception of the ‘national question’. This chapter integrates an analysis of the intellectual development of left-wing Scottish nationalism with a consideration of the growth of its influence within the labour movement during the 1960s and 1970s.

scholarly journals A Beacon for Applied Plant Pathology: The Origins of Plant Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1836-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Peterson ◽  
Steve C. Nelson ◽  
Karen-Beth G. Scholthof
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Service Publication ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Full Century

This year marks a full century since the founding of the journal Plant Disease. The story of how the journal developed, from its origins as a service publication of the USDA in 1917 to the leading applied journal in the field today, reflects on major historical themes in plant pathology. Central to this narrative is the delicate balancing act in plant pathology between fundamental and applied science. During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial numbers of plant pathologists in the U.S. expressed concerns through the American Phytopathological Society (APS) over what they viewed as an alarming and increasing scarcity of applied papers in the flagship journal, Phytopathology. These concerns led increasingly to calls for a second APS journal devoted to applied research. After a period of uncertainty and indecision, the dissolution of the USDA Plant Disease Reporter (PDR) in 1979 offered APS leadership an unusual opportunity to assume publication of a journal with a 63-year legacy of publishing practical plant pathology. In a bold move, APS Council, with the decision in 1979 to take on the publication of PDR under the new title, Plant Disease, provided plant pathologists and the larger agricultural science community with an innovative vehicle to communicate applied plant pathology.

Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Personal Style ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Wartime Experience ◽  
National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

Mind Bending, Mental Seduction and Menticide: Brainwashing in British Spy Dramas of the 1960s

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Burton
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Thought Control ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Scientific Background ◽  
Mind Control ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Cultural Fantasy

Brainwashing assumed the proportions of a cultural fantasy during the Cold War period. The article examines the various political, scientific and cultural contexts of brainwashing, and proceeds to a consideration of the place of mind control in British spy dramas made for cinema and television in the 1960s and 1970s. Particular attention is given to the films The Mind Benders (1963) and The Ipcress File (1965), and to the television dramas Man in a Suitcase (1967–8), The Prisoner (1967–8) and Callan (1967–81), which gave expression to the anxieties surrounding thought-control. Attention is given to the scientific background to the representations of brainwashing, and the significance of spy scandals, treasons and treacheries as a distinct context to the appearance of brainwashing on British screens.

The ‘Modernisation’ of Scotland and its Impact on Glasgow, 1955–1979: ‘Unwanted Side Effects’ and Vulnerabilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chik Collins ◽  
Ian Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This article reports findings of research into the far-reaching plan to ‘modernise’ the Scottish economy, which emerged from the mid-late 1950s and was formally adopted by government in the early 1960s. It shows the growing awareness amongst policy-makers from the mid-1960s as to the profoundly deleterious effects the implementation of the plan was having on Glasgow. By 1971 these effects were understood to be substantial with likely severe consequences for the future. Nonetheless, there was no proportionate adjustment to the regional policy which was creating these understood ‘unwanted’ outcomes, even when such was proposed by the Secretary of State for Scotland. After presenting these findings, the paper offers some consideration as to their relevance to the task of accounting for Glasgow's ‘excess mortality’. It is suggested that regional policy can be seen to have contributed to the accumulation of ‘vulnerabilities’, particularly in Glasgow but also more widely in Scotland, during the 1960s and 1970s, and that the impact of the post-1979 UK government policy agenda on these vulnerabilities is likely to have been salient in the increase in ‘excess mortality’ evident in subsequent years.

The Fragmentation of the Palestinian Political Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 189-216
Author(s):  
Jamil Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
National Representation ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Palestinian National Movement ◽  
The Relationship

The mid-1960s saw the beginnings of the construction of a Palestinian political field after it collapsed in 1948, when, with the British government’s support of the Zionist movement, which succeeded in establishing the state of Israel, the Palestinian national movement was crushed. This article focuses mainly on the Palestinian political field as it developed in the 1960s and 1970s, the beginnings of its fragmentation in the 1990s, and its almost complete collapse in the first decade of this century. It was developed on a structure characterized by the dominance of a center where the political leadership functioned. The center, however, was established outside historic Palestine. This paper examines the components and dynamics of the relationship between the center and the peripheries, and the causes of the decline of this center and its eventual disappearance, leaving the constituents of the Palestinian people under local political leadership following the collapse of the national representation institutions, that is, the political, organizational, military, cultural institutions and sectorial organizations (women, workers, students, etc.) that made up the PLO and its frameworks. The paper suggests that the decline of the political field as a national field does not mean the disintegration of the cultural field. There are, in fact, indications that the cultural field has a new vitality that deserves much more attention than it is currently assigned.

Book Reviews

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-107
Author(s):  
Louise K. Davidson-Schmich ◽  
Jennifer A. Yoder ◽  
Friederike Eigler ◽  
Joyce M. Mushaben ◽  
Alexandra Schwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Print Media ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
German State ◽  
East German ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Konrad H. Jarausch, United Germany: Debating Processes and Prospects Reviewed by Louise K. Davidson-Schmich Nick Hodgin and Caroline Pearce, ed. The GDR Remembered:Representations of the East German State since 1989 Reviewed by Jennifer A. Yoder Andrew Demshuk, The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945-1970 Reviewed by Friederike Eigler Peter H. Merkl, Small Town & Village in Bavaria: The Passing of a Way of Life Reviewed by Joyce M. Mushaben Barbara Thériault, The Cop and the Sociologist. Investigating Diversity in German Police Forces Reviewed by Alexandra Schwell Clare Bielby, Violent Women in Print: Representations in the West German Print Media of the 1960s and 1970s Reviewed by Katharina Karcher Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, and Alexander M. Martin, ed., Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945 Reviewed by Jennifer A. Yoder

Mobile Perception and the Automotive Prosthetic

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa N. Terranova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Conceptual Art ◽  
Robert Smithson ◽  
Martha Rosler ◽  
The World ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Linguistics

This essay focuses on a body of photoconceptual works from the 1960s and 1970s in which the automobile functions as a prosthetic-like aperture through which to view the world in motion. I argue that the logic of the “automotive prosthetic“ in works by Paul McCarthy, Dennis Hopper, Ed Ruscha, Jeff Wall, John Baldessari, Richard Prince, Martha Rosler, Robert Smithson, Ed Kienholz, Julian Opie, and Cory Arcangel reveals a techno-genetic understanding of conceptual art, functioning in addition and alternatively to semiotics and various philosophies of language usually associated with conceptual art. These artworks show how the automobile, movement on roads and highways, and the automotive landscape of urban sprawl have transformed the human sensorium. I surmise that the car has become a prosthetic of the human body and is a technological force in the maieusis of the posthuman subject. I offer a reading of specific works of photoconceptual art based on experience, perception, and a posthumanist subjectivity in contrast to solely understanding them according to semiotics and linguistics.

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