scholarly journals Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 16085-16130 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zábori ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
A. M. L. Ekman ◽  
E. M. Mårtensson ◽  
J. Ström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

Abstract. Sea spray aerosols are an important part of the climate system through their direct and indirect effects. Due to the diminishing sea ice, the Arctic Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing sea spray aerosol source areas. However, the influence of these changes on primary particle production is not known. In laboratory experiments we examined the influence of Arctic Ocean water temperature, salinity and oxygen saturation on primary particle concentration characteristics. Sea water temperature was identified as the most important of these parameters. A strong decrease in sea spray aerosol production with increasing water temperature was observed for water temperatures between −1 °C and 9 °C. Aerosol number concentrations decreased from at least 1400 cm−3 to 350 cm−3. In general, the aerosol number size distribution exhibited a robust shape with one mode close to Dp 0.2 μm with approximately 45% of particles at smaller sizes. Changes in sea water temperature did not result in pronounced change of the shape of the aerosol size distribution, only in the magnitude of the concentrations. Our experiments indicate that changes in aerosol emissions are most likely linked to changes of the physical properties of sea water at low temperatures. The observed strong dependence of sea spray aerosol concentrations on sea water temperature, with a large fraction of the emitted particles in the typical cloud condensation nuclei size range, provide strong arguments for a more careful consideration of this effect in climate models.

scholarly journals Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 10405-10421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zábori ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
A. M. L. Ekman ◽  
E. M. Mårtensson ◽  
J. Ström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol

Abstract. Sea spray aerosols are an important part of the climate system through their direct and indirect effects. Due to the diminishing sea ice, the Arctic Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing sea spray aerosol source areas. However, the influence of these changes on primary particle production is not known. In laboratory experiments we examined the influence of Arctic Ocean water temperature, salinity, and oxygen saturation on primary particle concentration characteristics. Sea water temperature was identified as the most important of these parameters. A strong decrease in sea spray aerosol production with increasing water temperature was observed for water temperatures between −1°C and 9°C. Aerosol number concentrations decreased from at least 1400 cm−3 to 350 cm−3. In general, the aerosol number size distribution exhibited a robust shape with one mode close to dry diameter Dp 0.2 μm with approximately 45% of particles at smaller sizes. Changes in sea water temperature did not result in pronounced change of the shape of the aerosol size distribution, only in the magnitude of the concentrations. Our experiments indicate that changes in aerosol emissions are most likely linked to changes of the physical properties of sea water at low temperatures. The observed strong dependence of sea spray aerosol concentrations on sea water temperature, with a large fraction of the emitted particles in the typical cloud condensation nuclei size range, provide strong arguments for a more careful consideration of this effect in climate models.

scholarly journals Artificial primary marine aerosol production: a laboratory study with varying water temperature, salinity and succinic acid concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 19039-19087
Author(s):  
J. Zábori ◽  
M. Matisāns ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
E. D. Nilsson ◽  
J. Ström
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Inorganic Substances

Abstract. Primary marine aerosols are an important component of the climate system, especially in the remote marine environment. With diminishing sea-ice cover, better understanding of the role of sea spray aerosol on climate in the polar regions is required. As for Arctic Ocean water, laboratory experiments with NaCl water confirm that a few degrees change in the water temperature (Tw) gives a large change in the number of primary particles. Smaller particles with a dry diameter between 0.01 μm and 0.25 μm dominate the aerosol number density, but their relative dominance decreases with increasing water temperature from 0 °C where they represent 85–90% of the total aerosol number to 60–70% of the total aerosol number at 10 °C water temperature. This effect is most likely related to a change in physical properties and not to modification of sea water chemistry. A change of salinity between 15 g kg−1 and 35 g kg−1 showed no influence on the relative shape of a particle number size distribution, nor did a change in water temperature between 0 °C and 16 °C. An experiment where succinic acid was added to a NaCl water solution showed, that the number concentration of particles with Dp < 0.312 μm decreased by 43% when the succinic acid concentration in NaCl water at Tw = 0 °C was increased from 0 μmol l−1 to 2446 μmol l−1. Different organic constituents and perhaps inorganic substances resulted in a particle number shift towards larger particle sizes, when comparing a size distribution resulting from pure NaCl water to size distributions resulting from Arctic Ocean water and resulting from NaCl water with a succinic acid concentration of 2446 μmol l−1.

scholarly journals Contributions of transported Prudhoe Bay oil field emissions to the aerosol population in Utqiaġvik, Alaska

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 10879-10892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gunsch ◽  
Rachel M. Kirpes ◽  
Katheryn R. Kolesar ◽  
Tate E. Barrett ◽  
Swarup China ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Prudhoe Bay

Abstract. Loss of sea ice is opening the Arctic to increasing development involving oil and gas extraction and shipping. Given the significant impacts of absorbing aerosol and secondary aerosol precursors emitted within the rapidly warming Arctic region, it is necessary to characterize local anthropogenic aerosol sources and compare to natural conditions. From August to September 2015 in Utqiaġvik (Barrow), AK, the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles was measured by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (0.13–4 µm projected area diameter) and real-time single-particle mass spectrometry (0.2–1.5 µm vacuum aerodynamic diameter). During periods influenced by the Arctic Ocean (70 % of the study), our results show that fresh sea spray aerosol contributed  ∼ 20 %, by number, of particles between 0.13 and 0.4 µm, 40–70 % between 0.4 and 1 µm, and 80–100 % between 1 and 4 µm particles. In contrast, for periods influenced by emissions from Prudhoe Bay (10 % of the study), the third largest oil field in North America, there was a strong influence from submicron (0.13–1 µm) combustion-derived particles (20–50 % organic carbon, by number; 5–10 % soot by number). While sea spray aerosol still comprised a large fraction of particles (90 % by number from 1 to 4 µm) detected under Prudhoe Bay influence, these particles were internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate indicative of aging processes during transport. In addition, the overall mode of the particle size number distribution shifted from 76 nm during Arctic Ocean influence to 27 nm during Prudhoe Bay influence, with particle concentrations increasing from 130 to 920 cm−3 due to transported particle emissions from the oil fields. The increased contributions of carbonaceous combustion products and partially aged sea spray aerosol should be considered in future Arctic atmospheric composition and climate simulations.

scholarly journals Contributions of Transported Prudhoe Bay Oilfield Emissions to the Aerosol Population in Utqiaġvik, Alaska

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Gunsch ◽  
Rachel M. Kirpes ◽  
Katheryn R. Kolesar ◽  
Tate E. Barrett ◽  
Swarup China ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
Prudhoe Bay

Abstract. Loss of sea ice is opening the Arctic to increasing development involving oil and gas extraction and shipping. Given the significant impacts of absorbing aerosol and secondary aerosol precursors emitted within the rapidly warming Arctic region, there is a need to characterize local anthropogenic aerosol sources and compare to natural conditions. From August-September 2015 in Utqiaġvik, AK, the chemical composition of individual atmospheric particles was measured by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (0.13–4 μm projected area diameter) and real-time single particle mass spectrometry (0.2–1.5 μm aerodynamic diameter). During Arctic Ocean influenced periods (70 % of the study), our results show that fresh sea spray aerosol contributed ~ 20 %, by number, of particles between 0.13–0.4 μm, 40–70% between 0.4–1 μm, and 80–100% of 1–4 μm particles. In contrast, for periods influenced by emissions from Prudhoe Bay (10 % of the study), the third largest oilfield in North America, there was a strong influence from submicron (0.13–1 μm) combustion derived particles (20–50 % OC, by number, 5–10 % soot by number). While sea spray aerosol still comprised a large fraction of particles (90 % by number from 1–4 μm) detected under Prudhoe Bay influence, these particles were internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate indicative of aging processes during transport. In addition, the overall mode of the particle size number distribution shifted from 76 nm during Arctic Ocean influence to 27 nm during Prudhoe Bay influence with particle concentrations increasing from 130 cm-3 to 920 cm-3 due to transported particle emissions from the oil fields. The increased contributions of carbonaceous combustion products and partially aged SSA should be taken into consideration for future Arctic atmospheric composition and climate simulations.

scholarly journals Artificial primary marine aerosol production: a laboratory study with varying water temperature, salinity, and succinic acid concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 10709-10724 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zábori ◽  
M. Matisāns ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
E. D. Nilsson ◽  
J. Ström
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Number Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Number Size Distribution

Abstract. Primary marine aerosols are an important component of the climate system, especially in the remote marine environment. With diminishing sea-ice cover, better understanding of the role of sea spray aerosol on climate in the polar regions is required. As for Arctic Ocean water, laboratory experiments with NaCl water confirm that a few degrees change in the water temperature (Tw) gives a large change in the number of primary particles. Small particles with a dry diameter between 0.01 μm and 0.25 μm dominate the aerosol number density, but their relative dominance decreases with increasing water temperature from 0 °C where they represent 85–90% of the total aerosol number to 10 °C, where they represent 60–70% of the total aerosol number. This effect is most likely related to a change in physical properties and not to modification of sea water chemistry. A change of salinity between 15 g kg−1 and 35 g kg−1 did not influence the shape of a particle number size distribution. Although the magnitude of the size distribution for a water temperature change between 0 °C and 16 °C changed, the shape did not. An experiment where succinic acid was added to a NaCl water solution showed, that the number concentration of particles with 0.010 μm < Dp < 4.5 μm decreased on average by 10% when the succinic acid concentration in NaCl water at a water temperature of 0 °C was increased from 0 μmol L−1 to 94 μmol L−1. A shift to larger sizes in the particle number size distribution is observed from pure NaCl water to Arctic Ocean water. This is likely a consequence of organics and different inorganic salts present in Arctic Ocean water in addition to the NaCl.

Stable isotopes in planktonic and benthic foraminifera from Arctic Ocean surface sediments

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Aksu ◽  
G. Vilks
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Surface Water Salinity

Oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses have been performed on the tests of Planulina wuellerstorfi and three size fractions of sinistral Neogloboquadrina pachyderma recovered from 33 Arctic Ocean surface-sediment samples. Stable isotopic compositions of N. pachyderma are found to be dependent on the test size: larger specimens show considerable enrichment in both δ18O and δ18C. The difference between the isotopic compositions of the 63–125 and 125–250 μm size fractions in N. pachyderma can be explained by biogenic fractionation effects during foraminiferal test growth. Larger (250–500 μm) N. pachyderma displayed accretions of secondary calcite, i.e., the outermost shell contained significant amounts of inorganically precipitated magnesium calcite. Thus, larger foraminifera may not be suited for down-core stable isotopic studies. There is a difference of ~2‰ between δ18O values of surface samples from the eastern and western Arctic Ocean, reflecting large differences between surface-water salinity in these regions. Therefore, oxygen isotopic data may have limited use as a chronostratigraphic tool in down-core studies in the Arctic Ocean, but we can use them to infer past variations in surface-water salinities. Planulina wuellerstorfi also showed depletions of both δ18O and δ18C in its calcite tests relative to calcite precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with ambient sea water; these depletions ranged from −0.8 to −0.9‰ in δ18Oand −1.2 to −0.9‰ in δ18C. This taxon is found to deposit its shell very close to the δ18C of ΣCO2 of bottom waters.

scholarly journals Arctic smoke – aerosol characteristics during a record air pollution event in the European Arctic and its radiative impact

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2275-2324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Treffeisen ◽  
P. Turnved ◽  
J. Ström ◽  
A. Herber ◽  
J. Bareiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Pollution Event

Abstract. In early May 2006 a record high air pollution event was observed at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. An atypical weather pattern established a pathway for the rapid transport of biomass burning aerosols from agricultural fires in Eastern Europe to the Arctic. Atmospheric stability was such that the smoke was constrained to low levels, within 2 km of the surface during the transport. A description of this smoke event in terms of transport and main aerosol characteristics can be found in Stohl et al. (2007). This study puts emphasis on the radiative effect of the smoke. The aerosol size distribution was characterized as having an accumulation mode centered at 165–185 nm and almost 1.6 for geometric standard deviation of the mode. Nucleation and small Aitken mode particles were almost completely suppressed within the smoke plume measured at Ny-Ålesund. Chemical and microphysical aerosol information obtained at Mt. Zeppelin (474 m.a.s.l) was used to derive input parameters for a one-dimensional radiation transfer model to explore the radiative effects of the smoke. The daily mean heating rate calculated on 2 May 2006 for the average size distribution and measured chemical composition reached 0.55 K day−1 at 0.5 km altitude for the assumed external mixture of the aerosols but showing much higher heating rates for an internal mixture (1.7 K day−1). In comparison a case study for March 2000 showed that the local climatic effects due to Arctic haze, using a regional climate model, HIRHAM, amounts to a maximum of 0.3 K day−1 of heating at 2 km altitude (Treffeisen et al., 2005).

scholarly journals The relationship between aerosol and cloud drop number concentrations in a global aerosol microphysics model

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3207-3241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Pringle ◽  
K. S. Carslaw ◽  
D. V. Spracklen ◽  
G. M. Mann ◽  
M. P. Chipperfield
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. Empirical relationships that link cloud droplet number (CDN) to aerosol number or mass are commonly used to calculate global fields of CDN for climate forcing assessments. In this work we use a sectional global model of sulfate and sea-salt aerosol coupled to a mechanistic aerosol activation scheme to explore the limitations of this approach. We find that a given aerosol number concentration produces a wide range of CDN concentrations due to variations in the shape of the aerosol size distribution. On a global scale, the dependence of CDN on the size distribution results in regional biases in predicted CDN (for a given aerosol number). Empirical relationships between aerosol number and CDN are often derived from regional data but applied to the entire globe. In an analogous process, we derive regional "correlation-relations" between aerosol number and CDN and apply these regional relations to calculations of CDN on the global scale. The global mean percentage error in CDN caused by using regionally derived CDN-aerosol relations is 20 to 26%, which is about half the global mean percentage change in CDN caused by doubling the updraft velocity. However, the error is as much as 25–75% in the Southern Ocean, the Arctic and regions of persistent stratocumulus when an aerosol-CDN correlation relation from the North Atlantic is used. These regions produce much higher CDN concentrations (for a given aerosol number) than predicted by the globally uniform empirical relations. CDN-aerosol number relations from different regions also show very different sensitivity to changing aerosol. The magnitude of the rate of change of CDN with particle number, a measure of the aerosol efficacy, varies by a factor 4. CDN in cloud processed regions of persistent stratocumulus is particularly sensitive to changing aerosol number. It is therefore likely that the indirect effect will be underestimated in these important regions.

scholarly journals An 18S V4 rDNA metabarcoding dataset of protist diversity in the Atlantic inflow to the Arctic Ocean, through the year and down to 1000 m depth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elianne Egge ◽  
Stephanie Elferink ◽  
Daniel Vaulot ◽  
Uwe John ◽  
Gunnar Bratbak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Epipelagic Zone

AbstractArctic marine protist communities have been understudied due to challenging sampling conditions, in particular during winter and in deep waters. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge on Arctic protist diversity through the year, both in the epipelagic (< 200 m depth) and mesopelagic zones (200-1000 m depth). Sampling campaigns were performed in 2014, during five different months, to capture the various phases of the Arctic primary production: January (winter), March (pre-bloom), May (spring bloom), August (post-bloom) and November (early winter). The cruises were undertaken west and north of the Svalbard archipelago, where warmer Atlantic waters from the West Spitsbergen Current meets cold Arctic waters from the Arctic Ocean. From each cruise, station, and depth, 50 L of sea water were collected and the plankton was size-fractionated by serial filtration into four size fractions between 0.45-200 µm, representing the picoplankton, nanoplankton and microplankton. In addition vertical net hauls were taken from 50 m depth to the surface at selected stations. From the plankton samples DNA was extracted, the V4 region of the 18S rRNA-gene was amplified by PCR with universal eukaryote primers and the amplicons were sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Sequences were clustered into Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), representing protist genotypes, with the dada2 pipeline. Taxonomic classification was made against the curated Protist Ribosomal Reference database (PR2). Altogether 6,536 protist ASVs were obtained (including 54 fungal ASVs). Both ASV richness and taxonomic composition were strongly dependent on size-fraction, season, and depth. ASV richness was generally higher in the smaller fractions, and higher in winter and the mesopelagic samples than in samples from the well-lit epipelagic zone during summer. During spring and summer, the phytoplankton groups diatoms, chlorophytes and haptophytes dominated in the epipelagic zone. Parasitic and heterotrophic groups such as Syndiniales and certain dinoflagel-lates dominated in the mesopelagic zone all year, as well as in the epipelagic zone during the winter. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/79823, (Egge et al., 2014).

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