Subcritical water extraction to isolate kinetically different soil nitrogen fractions

Abstract. Soil organic N is largely composed of inherently biologically labile proteinaceous N and its persistence in soil is mainly explained by stabilization through binding to minerals and other soil organic matter (SOM) components at varying strengths. In order to separate kinetically different soil N fractions we hypothesize that an approach which isolates soil N fractions on the basis of bonding strength is required, rather than employing chemical agents or physical methods. We developed a sequential subcritical water extraction (SCWE) procedure at 100, 150 and 200 °C to isolate SOM fractions. We assessed these SCWE N fractions as predictors for aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization measured from 25 paddy soil cores in incubations. SCWE organic carbon (SCWE OC) and N (SCWE N) increased exponentially with the increase of temperature and N was extracted preferentially over OC. The efficiency of SCWE and the selectivity towards N were both lower in soils with increasingly reactive clay mineralogy. Stepwise linear regression found no relations between the SCWE fractions and the anaerobic N mineralization rate but instead with pH and a model parameter describing the temperature dependency of SCWE extraction. Both were linked to texture, mineralogy and content of pedogenic oxides, which suggests an indirect relation between anaerobic NH4+ release and these edaphic soil factors. N mineralization appeared to be largely decoupled from SOM quantity and quality. From the present study on young paddy soils low in pedogenic oxides and with high fixed NH4+ content we cannot infer the performance of SCWE to isolate bio-available N in more developed upland soils. There may be potential to separate kinetically different SOM pools from upland soils because 1° for aerobic N mineralization at 100–150 °C SCWE N was the best predictor; and 2° SCWE selectively extracted N over C and this preference depended on the mineralogical composition. Hence N fractions differing in bonding strength with minerals or SOM might be isolated at different temperatures, and specifically this association has frequently been found a prominent stabilization mechanism of N in temperate region cropland soils.

Download Full-text

Subcritical water extraction to isolate kinetically different soil nitrogen fractions

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-10-9765-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 9765-9795

Author(s):

S. Sleutel ◽

M. A. Kader ◽

K. Demeestere ◽

C. Walgraeve ◽

J. Dewulf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

N Mineralization ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Clay Mineralogy ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Organic N ◽

Soil N ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Mineralization Process ◽

N Fractions

Abstract. Soil organic N is largely composed of inherently biologically labile proteinaceous N and its persistence in soil is mainly explained by stabilization through binding to minerals and other soil organic matter (SOM) components at varying strengths. In order to separate kinetically different soil N fractions we hypothesize that an approach, which isolates soil N fractions on the basis of bonding strength is required, rather than employing chemical agents or physical methods. We developed a sequential subcritical water extraction (SCWE) procedure at 100 °C, 150 °C and 200°C to isolate SOM fractions. We assessed these SCWE N fractions as predictors for aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization measured from 25 paddy soil cores in incubations. SCWE organic carbon (SCWE OC) and N (SCWE N) increased exponentially with the increase of temperature and N was extracted preferentially over OC. The efficiency of SCWE and the selectivity towards N were both lower in soils with increasingly reactive clay mineralogy. The 100–150 °C SCWE N and the 100 °C + 100–150 °C SCWE N correlated slightly better with the aerobic N mineralization than soil N content. The resulting explained percentages (46–49%) are, however, too small to allow accurate fertilizer recommendations. No correlations were found between the SCWE fractions and anaerobic N mineralization rate and consequently alternative driving factors should be looked for. Nonetheless, perhaps SCWE does, still hold potential to separate kinetically different SOM pools from upland soils, in which the bio-availability of N is more likely to be a key constraint in the N mineralization process. This in contrast to the studied paddy soils, in which N mineralization appeared to be largely decoupled from SOM quantity and quality or its availability, perhaps due to an overriding control of abiotic factors on the anaerobic N mineralization process.

Download Full-text

Subcritical Water Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Analysis of Inorganic Elements from Erigeron breviscapus

ChemistrySelect ◽

10.1002/slct.201900921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (24) ◽

pp. 7173-7180 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fansheng Meng ◽

Yan Cheng

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Inorganic Elements ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Erigeron Breviscapus

Download Full-text

SUBCRITICAL WATER EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROMZATARIA MULTIFLORABOISS

Journal of Food Process Engineering ◽

10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00245.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 804-816 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. KHAJENOORI ◽

A. HAGHIGHI ASL ◽

F. HORMOZI ◽

M.H. EIKANI ◽

H. NOORI BIDGOLI

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction

Download Full-text

Optimization of subcritical water extraction of phenolic antioxidants from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel by response surface methodology

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/c7ay01475a ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (32) ◽

pp. 4647-4656 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Linlin Yan ◽

Yungang Cao ◽

Guangyao Zheng

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Punica Granatum ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Phenolic Antioxidants ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Extraction Technology ◽

Pomegranate Peel ◽

Efficient Extraction ◽

Punica Granatum L

Subcritical water extraction (SWE), a ‘green’ and efficient extraction technology, was applied to extract phenolic antioxidants from pomegranate peel in this study.

Download Full-text

Structural Changes in Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) of Chinese Quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) Fruit Subjected to Subcritical Water Treatment

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26020398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 398

Author(s):

Wen-Yue Wang ◽

Zhao Qin ◽

Hua-Min Liu ◽

Xue-De Wang ◽

Jing-Hao Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Quantum Coherence ◽

Structural Changes ◽

31P Nmr ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Milled Wood Lignin ◽

Chinese Quince

Subcritical water treatment has received considerable attention due to its cost effectiveness and environmentally friendly properties. In this investigation, Chinese quince fruits were submitted to subcritical water treatment (130, 150, and 170 °C), and the influence of treatments on the structure of milled wood lignin (MWL) was evaluated. Structural properties of these lignin samples (UL, L130, L150, and L170) were investigated by high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), TGA, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), 2D-Heteronculear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) -NMR, and 31P-NMR. The carbohydrate analysis showed that xylose in the samples increased significantly with higher temperature, and according to molecular weight and thermal analysis, the MWLs of the pretreated residues have higher thermal stability with increased molecular weight. The spectra of 2D-NMR and 31P-NMR demonstrated that the chemical linkages in the MWLs were mainly β-O-4′ ether bonds, β-5′ and β-β′, and the units were principally G- S- H- type with small amounts of ferulic acids; these results are consistent with the results of Py-GC/MS analysis. It is believed that understanding the structural changes in MWL caused by subcritical water treatment will contribute to understanding the mechanism of subcritical water extraction, which in turn will provide a theoretical basis for developing the technology of subcritical water extraction.

Download Full-text

Antioxidant activity and subcritical water extraction of anthocyanin from raspberry process optimization by response surface methodology

Food Bioscience ◽

10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101394 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101394

Author(s):

Yuwei Wang ◽

Ying Ye ◽

Le Wang ◽

Wei Yin ◽

Jian Liang

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Process Optimization ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction

Download Full-text

Subcritical water extraction of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica: optimization, characterization and biological studies

Journal of Applied Phycology ◽

10.1007/s10811-017-1245-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 579-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Periaswamy Sivagnanam Saravana ◽

Adane Tilahun ◽

Collin Gerenew ◽

Vo Dinh Tri ◽

Nan Hee Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subcritical Water ◽

Saccharina Japonica ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction ◽

Biological Studies

Download Full-text

High performance curcumin subcritical water extraction from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Journal of Chromatography B ◽

10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1022 ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Mohammad Valizadeh Kiamahalleh ◽

Ghasem Najafpour-Darzi ◽

Mostafa Rahimnejad ◽

Ali Akbar Moghadamnia ◽

Meisam Valizadeh Kiamahalleh

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Subcritical Water ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Water Extraction ◽

Subcritical Water Extraction

Download Full-text

Empirical relationships between temperature and nitrogen availability across North American forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-094 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 707-712 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Xiwei Yin

Keyword(s):

N Mineralization ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Published Data ◽

N Availability ◽

Net N Mineralization ◽

Soil N ◽

Litter Fall ◽

Available N ◽

N Pool

Published data were analyzed to examine whether nitrogen (N) availability varies along macroclimatic gradients in North America. Extractable N produced during 8-week aerobic laboratory incubation was used as an index of potential net N mineralization. Mean extractable N during the growing season in the forest floor plus top mineral soil was used as an index of the available N pool. Using multiple regression, potential net N mineralization was shown to increase with available N and with litter-fall N (R2 = 0.722). Available N increased with increasing total soil N and with decreasing mean January and July air temperatures (R2 = 0.770). These relationships appeared to hold also for deciduous and coniferous forests separately across regions. Results suggest that net N mineralization output under uniform temperature and moisture conditions can be generally expressed by variations of N input (litter fall) and the available soil N pool, and that the available soil N pool is predictable along a temperature gradient at a regional scale.

Download Full-text