scholarly journals N<sub>2</sub>O emission from organic barley cultivation as affected by green manure management

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2307-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nadeem ◽  
S. Hansen ◽  
M. Azzaroli Bleken ◽  
P. Dörsch
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Biogas Residue

Abstract. Legumes are an important source of nitrogen in stockless organic cereal production. However, substantial amounts of N can be lost from legume-grass leys prior to or after incorporation as green manure (GM). Here we report N2O emissions from a field experiment in SE Norway exploring different green manure management strategies: mulching versus removal of grass-clover herbage during a whole growing season and replacement as biogas residue to a subsequent barley crop. Grass-clover ley had small but significantly higher N2O emissions as compared with a non-fertilized cereal reference during the year of green manure (GM) production in 2009. Mulching of herbage induced significantly more N2O emission (+0.37 kg N2O-N ha−1) throughout the growing season than removing herbage. In spring 2010 all plots were ploughed (with and without GM) and sown with barley, resulting in generally higher N2O emissions than during the previous year. Application of biogas residue (110 kg N ha−1) before sowing did not increase emissions neither when applied to previous ley plots nor when applied to previously unfertilized cereal plots. Ley management (mulching vs. removing biomass in 2009) had no effect on N2O emissions during barley production in 2010. In general, GM ley (mulched or harvested) increased N2O emissions relative to a cereal reference with low mineral N fertilisation (80 kg N ha−1). Organic cereal production emitted 95 g N2O-N kg−1 N yield in barley grain, which was substantially higher than in the cereal reference treatment with 80 kg mineral N fertilization in 2010 (47 g N2O-N kg−1 N yield in barley grain).

scholarly journals N<sub>2</sub>O emission from organic barley cultivation as affected by green manure management

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2747-2759 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nadeem ◽  
S. Hansen ◽  
M. Azzaroli Bleken ◽  
P. Dörsch
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Biogas Residue

Abstract. Legumes are an important source of nitrogen in stockless organic cereal production. However, substantial amounts of N can be lost from legume-grass leys prior to or after incorporation as green manure (GM). Here we report N2O emissions from a field experiment in SE Norway exploring different green manure management strategies: mulching versus removal of grass-clover herbage during a whole growing season and return as biogas residue to a subsequent barley crop. Grass-clover ley had small but significantly higher N2O emissions as compared with a non-fertilised cereal reference during the year of green manure (GM) production in 2009. Mulching of herbage induced significantly more N2O emission (+0.37 kg N2O-N ha−1) throughout the growing season than removing herbage. In spring 2010, all plots were ploughed (with and without GM) and sown with barley, resulting in generally higher N2O emissions than during the previous year. Application of biogas residue (60 kg NH4+-N + 50 kg organic N ha−1) before sowing did not increase emissions neither when applied to previous ley plots nor when applied to previously unfertilised cereal plots. Ley management (mulching vs. removing biomass in 2009) had no effect on N2O emissions during barley production in 2010. In general, GM ley (mulched or harvested) increased N2O emissions relative to a cereal reference with low mineral N fertilisation (80 kg N ha−1). Based on measurements covering the growing season 2010, organic cereal production emitted 95 g N2O-N kg−1 N yield in barley grain, which was substantially higher than in the cereal reference treatment with 80 kg mineral N fertilisation (47 g N2O-N kg−1 N yield in barley grain).

scholarly journals Effect of legume intercropping on N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and CH<sub>4</sub> uptake during maize production in the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-359
Author(s):  
Shimelis Gizachew Raji ◽  
Peter Dörsch
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Input

Abstract. Intercropping with legumes is an important component of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about its effect on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. A field experiment was established at Hawassa in the Ethiopian rift valley, comparing nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes in minerally fertilized maize (64 kg N ha−1) with and without Crotalaria (C. juncea) or lablab (L. purpureus) as intercrops over two growing seasons. To study the effect of intercropping time, intercrops were sown either 3 or 6 weeks after maize. The legumes were harvested at flowering, and half of the aboveground biomass was mulched. In the first season, cumulative N2O emissions were largest in 3-week lablab, with all other treatments being equal to or lower than the fertilized maize mono-crop. After reducing mineral N input to intercropped systems by 50 % in the second season, N2O emissions were comparable with the fully fertilized control. Maize-yield-scaled N2O emissions in the first season increased linearly with aboveground legume N yield (p=0.01), but not in the second season when early rains resulted in less legume biomass because of shading by maize. Growing-season N2O-N emission factors varied from 0.02 % to 0.25 % in 2015 and 0.11 % to 0.20 % in 2016 of the estimated total N input. Growing-season CH4 uptake ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 kg CH4-C ha−1, with no significant differences between treatments or years but setting off the N2O-associated emissions by up to 69 %. Our results suggest that leguminous intercrops may increase N2O emissions when developing large biomass in dry years but, when mulched, can replace part of the fertilizer N in normal years, thus supporting CSA goals while intensifying crop production in the region.

Management practices for black lentil green manure for the semi-arid Canadian prairies

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Green Manure Crop ◽  
Green Manuring

Previous research with lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) green manure in the semiarid prairies of western Canada has indicated that water use by the green manure crop often reduces grain yield of the succeeding cereal crop compared to those obtained after conventional summerfallow. In this study, we evaluated several green manure management practices that have potential to trap snow and enhance overwinter soil water recharge. These practices included: using herbicides to halt the growth of the green manure crop thus eliminating the need for soil incorporation, planting mustard (Sinapis alba L.) strips after incorporation, and leaving standing strips of non-incorporated lentil. Our results showed that none of the green manure management strategies increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield or grain protein concentration compared to wheat grown on conventional summerfallow. Leaving strips of standing lentil during bud stage incorporation provided barriers for wind erosion protection, while not decreasing wheat yield or protein content. Glyphosate or 2,4-D amine applied at bud stage of the lentil, and without soil incorporation, reduced available soil N. However, 2,4-D did not halt plant growth and water use quickly enough to avoid reducing yield of the succeeding wheat crop, while glyphosate generally halted water use more rapidly. The inability of the green manure management strategies to increase wheat yields over that obtained from conventional summerfallow was because the soil rooting zone is typically filled to capacity with water by this latter practice under the prevailing soil and climatic conditions. If green manuring is practised, early incorporation with lentil leave strips is the most promising management system. However, even with improved water management practices, green manuring did not demonstrate a consistent advantage over summerfallow, which may be required to offset the added economic costs required to enact this practice. Key words: Lens culinaris, legumes, summerfallow, soil nitrogen, soil water, wheat

scholarly journals Effect of legume intercropping on N<sub>2</sub>O emission and CH<sub>4</sub> uptake during maize production in the Ethiopian Rift valley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimelis G. Raji ◽  
Peter Dörsch
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ethiopian Rift ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Input

Abstract. Intercropping with legumes is an important component of climate smart agriculture (CSA) in sub Saharan Africa, but little is known about its effect on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. A field experiment was established at Hawassa in the Ethiopian rift valley, comparing nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes in minerally fertilized maize (64 kg N ha−1) with and without crotalaria (C. juncea) or lablab (L. purpureus) as intercrops over two growing seasons. To study the effect of intercropping time, intercrops were sown either three or six weeks after maize. The legumes were harvested at flowering and half of the above-ground biomass was mulched. In the first season, cumulative N2O emissions were largest in 3-week lablab, with all other treatments being equal or lower than the fertilized maize monocrop. After reducing mineral N input to intercropped systems by 50 % in the second season, N2O emissions were at par with the fully fertilized control. Maize yield-scaled N2O emissions in the first season increased linearly with above-ground legume N-yield (p = 0.01), but not in the second season when early rains resulted in less legume biomass because of shading by maize. Growing season N2O-N emission factors varied from 0.02 to 0.25 and 0.11 to 0.20 % of the estimated total N input in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Growing season CH4 uptake ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 kg CH4-C ha−1 with no significant differences between treatments or years, but setting off the N2O-associated global warming potential by up to 69 %. Our results suggest that high yielding leguminous intercrops entail some risk for increased N2O emissions when used together with recommended fertilization rates, but can replace part of the fertilizer N without compromising maize yields in the following year and thus support CSA goals while intensifying crop production in the region.

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrate leaching and crop growth after ploughing-in leguminous and non-leguminous grain crop residues

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Francis ◽  
R. J. Haynes ◽  
P. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
N Fertility

SummaryA field experiment was conducted in Canterbury, New Zealand to investigate the effect of six leguminous and non-leguminous grain crops on soil N fertility over a 12 month period (March 1989 to March 1990). All crops had an overall negative N balance during their growing season. A greater amount of soil N was removed by barley, rape and lupins (104–119 kg N/ha) than by field beans, field peas or lentils (50–74 kg N/ha).Net N mineralization was measured in all treatments between residue incorporation and the start of winter. With the exception of the lupins, accumulation of mineral N in the soil profile before the start of winter drainage was greater following leguminous (mean 124 kg N/ha) than non-leguminous crops (mean 80 kg N/ha).Cumulative apparent leaching losses over the autumn/winter were largely a reflection of the mineral N content of the profile before the start of drainage. Excluding lupins, leaching losses declined in the order fallow > legumes > non-legumes (110 > 72 > 37 kg N/ha respectively). The anomalous results for the lupins were attributed to the incorporation of a large amount of woody residues after harvest which may well have resulted in extensive net N mineralization occurring later in the autumn.Over a 12 month period, all treatments showed a decline in N fertility (110–160 kg N/ha), although compared with barley, the total loss of soil N was 10–40 kg N/ha less following leguminous crops.Growth of the following spring wheat test crop was affected by the preceding crop. Grain yield, grain N yield and total N yield were significantly related to the mineral N content of the soil at the end of leaching, and to a measure of net N mineralization during the growing season of the test crop.

Quantification of NOx and NH3 emissions from two sugarcane fields

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennett C. T. Macdonald ◽  
O. Tom Denmead ◽  
Ian White
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Gradient Technique ◽  
Main Driver

This paper reports emissions of NOx and NH3 from a rain-fed, fertilised, residue-blanketed sugarcane field at Mackay, Queensland. Emissions were measured using a micrometeorological flux-gradient technique for the whole of the 2006–07 season and for the first 2 months of the 2007–08 season. Nitrogen (N) fertiliser was applied as urea at a rate of 150 kg N ha–1 into slits 100–150 mm deep. Previous work at the site found that N2O emissions accounted for ~5 kg N ha–1, or 3% of the applied N in the 2006–07 season. In the present study, NOx and NH3 were emitted in both the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons and accounted for ~1.5 kg N ha–1, or ~1% of applied N. The main driver of NOx emissions appeared to be the availability of a soil mineral N source. However, the maximum N2O and NOx fluxes were offset by nearly 20 days, which indicated different emission pathways. After the soil mineral N was exhausted, the emissions of NOx were reduced. Emissions of NH3 continued at around the same rate for the whole of the growing season. Water-filled pore space, which was a main driver of N2O emissions, did not seem to influence the measured emissions of NOx or NH3.

scholarly journals Legumes increase grassland productivity with no effect on nitrous oxide emissions

2019 ◽  
Vol 446 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlete S. Barneze ◽  
Jeanette Whitaker ◽  
Niall P. McNamara ◽  
Nicholas J. Ostle
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Grassland Productivity

Abstract Aims Grasslands are important agricultural production systems, where ecosystem functioning is affected by land management practices. Grass-legume mixtures are commonly cultivated to increase grassland productivity while reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertiliser. However, little is known about the effect of this increase in productivity on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in grass-legume mixtures. The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between the proportion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures and N-fertiliser addition on productivity and GHG emissions. We tested the hypotheses that an increase in the relative proportion of legumes would increase plant productivity and decrease GHG emissions, and the magnitude of these effects would be reduced by N-fertiliser addition. Methods This was tested in a controlled environment mesocosm experiment with one grass and one legume species grown in mixtures in different proportions, with or without N-fertiliser. The effects on N cycling processes were assessed by measurement of above- and below-ground biomass, shoot N uptake, soil physico-chemical properties and GHG emissions. Results Above-ground productivity and shoot N uptake were greater in legume-grass mixtures compared to grass or legume monocultures, in fertilised and unfertilised soils. However, we found no effect of legume proportion on N2O emissions, total soil N or mineral-N in fertilised or unfertilised soils. Conclusions This study shows that the inclusion of legumes in grass-legume mixtures positively affected productivity, however N cycle were in the short-term unaffected and mainly affected by nitrogen fertilisation. Legumes can be used in grassland management strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing crop demand for N-fertilisers.

scholarly journals Effects of green-manure and tillage management on soil microbial community composition, nutrients and tree growth in a walnut orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningguang Dong ◽  
Guanglong Hu ◽  
Yunqi Zhang ◽  
Jianxun Qi ◽  
Yonghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Walnut Tree

AbstractThis study characterized the effect of green manures (February orchid, hairy vetch, rattail fescue and a no-green-manure control) and the termination method (flail or disk) on nutrient contents, enzyme activities, microbial biomass, microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil and vegetative growth of walnut tree. All three selected green manures significantly enhanced the water content, organic C, total N and available P. The rattail fescue significantly decreased the mineral N. Total organic C, total N, mineral N and available P were significantly greater under flail than under disk. Hairy vetch and February orchid significantly improved levels of soil β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activity, whereas rattail fescue improved only β-glucosidase activity. All of the green manures significantly decreased phenoloxidase activity. β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activities were significantly greater under flail relative to disk. The termination method had no significant effect on phenoloxidase activity. The different types of green manures and termination methods significantly altered the soil microbial biomass and microbial community structure. The green-manure treatments were characterized by a significantly greater abundance of Gram-positive (Gram +) bacteria, total bacteria and saprophytic fungi compared to the control. Hairy vetch significantly decreased the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) while February orchid and rattail fescue increased their abundance compared to the no-green-manure treatment. The abundance rates of Gram+ bacteria, actinomycetes, saprophytic fungi and AMF were significantly greater in soils under flail than under disk. In terms of vegetative growth of walnut tree, hairy vetch showed the greatest positive effects. The growth of walnut tree was significantly greater under flail relative to disk. Our results indicate that green-manure application benefits the rhizosphere soil micro-ecology, rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and tree growth. Overall, the hairy vetch and flail combined treatment is recommended for walnut orchards in northern China.

Effects of green manure storage and incorporation methods on nitrogen release and N2O emissions after soil application

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1233-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette S. Carter ◽  
Peter Sørensen ◽  
Søren O. Petersen ◽  
Xiuzhi Ma ◽  
Per Ambus
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Manure Storage
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