scholarly journals Metals releases and disinfection byproduct formation in domestic wells following shock chlorination

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Walker ◽  
J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Byproduct Formation ◽  
By Products

Abstract. Shock chlorination is used for rapid disinfection to control pathogens and nuisance bacteria in domestic wells. A typical shock chlorination procedure involves adding sodium hypochlorite in liquid bleach solutions to achieve concentrations of free chlorine of up to 200 mg L−1 in the standing water of a well. The change in pH and oxidation potential may bring trace metals from aquifer materials into solution and chlorine may react with dissolved organic carbon to form disinfection byproducts. We carried out experiments with four wells to observe and determine the persistence of increased concentrations of metals and disinfection byproducts. Water samples from shock chlorinated wells were analyzed for Pb, Cu, As, radionuclides and disinfection byproducts (haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes), immediately prior to treatment, after sufficient treatment time with chlorine had elapsed, and at intervals determined by the number of casing volumes purged, for up to four times the well casing volume. Elevated concentrations of lead and copper dissipated in proportion to free chlorine (measured semi-quantitatively) during the purging process. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were formed in wells during disinfection. In one of two wells tested, disinfection byproducts dissipated in proportion to free chlorine during purging. However, one well retained disinfection byproducts and free chlorine after 4 WV had been purged. Although metals returned to background concentrations in this well, disinfection byproducts remained elevated, though below the MCL. This may have been due to well construction characteristics and interactions with aquifer materials. Simple chlorine test strips may be a useful method for indicating when purging is adequate to remove metals and disinfection by-products mobilized and formed by shock chlorination.

scholarly journals Metals releases and disinfection byproduct formation in domestic wells following shock chlorination

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-198
Author(s):  
M. Walker ◽  
J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Byproduct Formation ◽  
By Products

Abstract. Shock chlorination is used for rapid disinfection to control pathogens and nuisance bacteria in domestic wells. A typical shock chlorination procedure involves adding sodium hypochlorite in liquid bleach solutions to achieve concentrations of free chlorine of up to 200 ppm in the standing water of a well. The change in pH and oxidation potential may bring trace metals from aquifer materials into solution and chlorine may react with dissolved organic carbon to form disinfection byproducts. We carried out experiments with four wells to observe and determine the persistence of increased concentrations of metals and disinfection byproducts. Water samples from shock chlorinated wells were analyzed for Pb, Cu, As, radionuclides and disinfection byproducts (haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes), immediately prior to treatment, after sufficient contact time with chlorine had elapsed, and at intervals determined by the number of casing volumes purged, for up to four times the well casing volume. Elevated concentrations of lead and copper dissipated in proportion to free chlorine (measured semi-quantitatively) during the purging process. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were formed in wells during disinfection. In one of two wells tested, disinfection byproducts dissipated in proportion to free chlorine during purging. However, one well retained disinfection byproducts and free chlorine after four well volumes had been purged. Although metals returned to background concentrations in this well, disinfection byproducts remained elevated, though below the MCL, likely because purging volume was insufficient. Simple chlorine test strips may be a useful method for indicating when purging is adequate to remove metals and disinfection by-products mobilized and formed by shock chlorination.

Control of disinfection and halogenated disinfection byproducts by the electrochemical process

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.J. Jung ◽  
B.S. Oh ◽  
J.W. Kang ◽  
M.A. Page ◽  
M.J. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Inactivation Kinetic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Electrochemical Processes

The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the performance of electrochemical process as an alternative disinfection strategy, while minimising DBPs, for water purification. The study of electrochemical processes has shown free chlorine to be produced, but smaller amounts of stronger oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and OH radicals (•OH), were also generated. The formation of mixed oxidants increased with increasing electric conductivity, but was limited at conductivities greater than 0.6 mS/cm. Using several microorganisms, such as E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage, inactivation kinetic studies were performed. With the exception of free chlorine, the role of mixed oxidants, especially OH radicals, was investigated for enhancement of the inactivation rate. Additionally, the formation and reduction of DBPs was studied by monitoring the concentration of haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the process.

Treating water containing elevated bromide and iodide levels with granular activated carbon and free chlorine: impacts on disinfection byproduct formation and calculated toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3460-3475
Author(s):  
Chuhui Zhang ◽  
J. Clark Maness ◽  
Amy A. Cuthbertson ◽  
Susana Y. Kimura ◽  
Hannah K. Liberatore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Byproduct Formation

Granular activated carbon effectively controlled disinfection byproduct formation and calculated toxicity, especially at high influent bromide levels.

Correlations between surrogate nitrogenous organic precursors and C-, N-DBP formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2395-2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Chang ◽  
G. S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
Different Characteristics

Nitrosamines have been emerging as disinfection byproducts in drinking water using source water impacted with domestic wastewaters. Nitrogenous organic compounds are suggested as precursors of nitrosamines, but many of them have not been identified. This study investigated the correlations between nine selected nitrogenous organic compounds with different characteristics and corresponding disinfection by-product formation potentials (nitrosamines, trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) from their reactions with free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and monochloramine. Besides dimethylamine, the well-known precursor of nitrosamines, 3-(N,N-dimethyloctylammonio)propanesulfonate (3-N,N-DAPSIS) inner salt and benzyldimethyltetradecylamine (benzalkonium chloride, BKC) were suggested as important nitrosamine precursors. 3-N,N-DAPSIS could form about 1,000 ng/L of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and more than 1,000 μg/L of THMs. More than 150,000 ng/L of NDMA were observed when BKC was treated with monochloramine, and high levels of THMs (up to 2,700 μg/L) were also yielded. As expected, free chlorine produced higher levels of THMs and HAAs, and chlorine dioxide generated minor levels of traditional DBPs. Nitrosamines were mainly formed when the precursors were treated with monochloramine.

Making Swimming Pools Safer: Does Copper–Silver Ionization with Chlorine Lower the Toxicity and Disinfection Byproduct Formation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 2908-2918
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Allen ◽  
Michael J. Plewa ◽  
Elizabeth D. Wagner ◽  
Xiao Wei ◽  
Gretchen E. Bollar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Byproduct Formation

Iodinated disinfection byproduct formation in a MnO2/I−/EPS system

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 130643
Author(s):  
Lingxiao Fu ◽  
Xiaofeng Wu ◽  
Yongbin Zhu ◽  
Lei Yao ◽  
Chengqiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Byproduct Formation

scholarly journals Formation of DBPs in the drinking eater of Athens, Greece: a Ten-Year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During the present work, the formation of different categories of DBPs was investigated in four water treatment plants (WTP) using chlorine as disinfectant, and in selected points of the distribution network of Athens, Greece, which is supplied from these four WTP, during a period of ten years. The concentrations of DBPs were generally low and the annual mean concentrations always well below the regulatory limit of the European Union (EU) for the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). The haloacetic acids (HAAs) have not been regulated in the EU, but during this investigation they often occurred in significant levels, sometimes exceeding the levels of TTHMs, which highlights the importance of their monitoring in drinking water. Apart from THMs and HAAs, several other DBPs species were detected at much lower concentrations in the chlorinated waters: chloral hydrate, haloketones and, in a limited number of cases, haloacetonitriles.

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