A conceptual framework for the study of bank erosion in large rivers: insight from the St. Lawrence River, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Bernier ◽  
Léo Chassiot ◽  
Patrick Lajeunesse
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Bank Erosion ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Large Rivers ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Erosion Hazard ◽  
The Government ◽  
St Lawrence River

<p>The St. Lawrence River forms a major socio-economic and commercial axis in eastern North America, and one of the most populated cold rivers worldwide. Its upstream section, the fluvial corridor, located between the Quebec-Ontario border and Quebec City (QC, Canada), concentrates most of the human facilities and activities. Over the past decades, climate change and increased human pressures on the banks have deeply altered the natural hydro-sedimentary dynamics within this corridor. Yet, the environmental and socio-economic consequences have long been overlooked. The recent flooding events of 2017 and 2019 have highlighted the vulnerability of river habitats and infrastructures, underlining the need to integrate bank erosion hazard to ensure sustainable management of riparian areas and to adapt land-use planning strategies.</p><p>A research program started in late 2017 allowed a cross-science collaboration between academic scientists, the Government of Québec, environmental organizations and agencies, municipalities as well as concerned citizens. This program aims at characterizing riverbank types within the fluvial corridor and at assessing erosion hazard, processes, and controlling factors over more than 4000 km of riverbanks. We combined field surveys, remote sensing (LiDAR, aerial photographs) and crowdsourcing data to develop a geospatial database for local stakeholders.</p><p>We present the conceptual framework, methods and main results for riverbanks classification and erosion hazard assessment, and discuss the challenges posed by the study of large rivers. We emphasize on issues related to anthropogenic stressors and specificities (river ice, maritime traffic) of the St. Lawrence River. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that the subject of bank erosion has been assessed with such high resolution, but also with the same method, on an ice-affected river as large and diverse as the St. Lawrence.</p>

Bank erosion processes within the fluvial corridor of the St. Lawrence River: causes, drivers and future challenges.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Chassiot ◽  
Jean-François Bernier ◽  
Patrick Lajeunesse
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bank Erosion ◽  
Large Rivers ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
St Lawrence River

<p>The St. Lawrence River is one of the largest river affected by seasonal ice formation outside the periglacial domain. It is also a major socio-economical axis in eastern North America where human activities and facilities are numerous within its fluvial corridor, upstream Quebec City (QC, Canada). Recent flooding episodes in 2017 and 2019 have shown that the sustainability of the St. Lawrence River and thus its socio-economic and ecological services will likely be altered in a near future. Bank erosion today represents a major hazard for land owners, infrastructures and riverine ecosystems. Consequently, there is a growing need to integrate bank erosion hazard in order to ensure sustainable management of riparian areas and to adapt land-use planning strategies.</p><p>Literature review and field surveys allowed us to conceptualize a scientific framework about bank erosion dynamics in large rivers characterized by the formation of river ice. We used this framework within the fluvial corridor of the St. Lawrence River to identify bank erosion processes and their drivers, with a focus on the role of river ice and the impacts of anthropogenic stressors such as urbanization, riverbank concreting, large-scale damming, and maritime traffic. We illustrate erosion processes and their impacts through several case studies representing different ecosystems from the fluvial section of the St. Lawrence River. We then discuss the future changes in the nature, the timing, the frequency and the magnitude of bank erosion processes to address the challenges caused by climate change and increased human activities in the St. Lawrence, and more generally in large rivers affected by seasonal ice formation.</p>

Economic structure, power and institutions: A conceptual framework for analysing the historical transformation of US industrial strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 102452942110154
Author(s):  
Mattia Tassinari
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Alexander Hamilton ◽  
The Government ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Illustrative Case Study

An industrial strategy emerges from possibilities for structural change, that depend on material constraints and opportunities afforded by economic structure, the distribution of power in society and the institutional arrangements organized at the political level. Building on a structural political economy perspective, this article develops a structure–power–institutions conceptual framework to describe how economic structure, the distribution of power, and institutions interact through a ‘circular process,’ which is useful for analysing the historical transformation of industrial strategy. In this framework, an industrial strategy refers to the institutional arrangements through which the government manages emerging conflicts or agreements between different powers and influences structural change. As an illustrative case study, the structure–power–institutions framework is applied to analyse the historical transformation of US industrial strategy from the era of Alexander Hamilton to that of Donald Trump.

scholarly journals La décentralisation de l'aménagement du territoire : mythe ou réalité?

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-370
Author(s):  
Jane Matthews Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government ◽  
Planning Authority

This paper examines the tension between centralizing and decentralizing forces in systems of land use planning. Its thesis, drawn from the LaHaye Report, is that the degree of centralization of the system is directly proportional to the breadth of jurisdiction of the planning authority. While Quebec's system of land use planning is reputed to be decentralized and political, the author questions whether this assessment is correct. The role of the government under the Land Use Planning and Development Act and other specialized legislation is more in accordance with the centralized and technocratic systems advocated in earlier Quebec proposals for land use planning. This conclusion is reinforced by a consideration of the suggestions put forward in Le Choix des régions and their present-day application.

Comparison of field data with theories on ice cover progression in large rivers

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Michel
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Large Rivers ◽  
Ice Dynamics ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
St Lawrence River

There are many theories pertaining to the progression of ice covers in rivers fed by frazil slush and floes but very few have been examined critically by comparing them with field data. In this paper the existing theories on dynamic ice cover progression are reviewed, an additional one is proposed, and they are classified according to the physical mechanisms that are involved. Finally, they are compared with some existing field data for large rivers. The data are extremely scarce and difficult to obtain because of the costs involved and the dangers in traveling over thin ice when the ice cover is being formed.It is usually easier to get only the critical values of parameters giving the limits of ice cover progression. In this paper, complete data were taken from the St. Lawrence River, the Beauharnois Canal, and the La Grande Rivière where the ice thicknesses along with the flow parameters have been measured.In these cases the existing data are adequate, so they could be grouped to explain the various mechanisms involved and to obtain numerical values for their quantitative determination. Key words: glaciology, river ice, ice dynamics, fluvial processes, ice hydraulics.

scholarly journals SIG como herramienta de estudio y planificación del uso del suelo en zonas agrícolas [Using GIS for land use planning for rural landscapes]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Andrés GIRALDO FADUL
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Gis Analysis ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Toma De Decisiones

Resumen Este artículo presenta los pasos metodológicos para el análisis histórico del uso del suelo usando sistemas geográficos de información, SIG, y sensores remotos, SR. Así mismo, muestra la aplicación de estas técnicas a un estudio de caso para la producción de herramientas digitales que puedan servir para planear y administrar zonas agrícolas de una forma eficiente y sostenible. En el estudio se describe como fotos aéreas de 1973 a 2001, y una imagen de satélite, fueron usadas para generar mapas básicos, mapas de cambio de uso del suelo, así como de unidades administrativas agrícolas. En este estudio se muestra como los mapas y tablas además de otros análisis generados con los sistemas SIG-SR se convierten en una importante estructura analítica para la toma de decisiones en el sector rural. Palabras clave: Uso del suelo, planificación rural, SIG, sostenibilidad   Abstract This paper discusses the use of geographic information systems, GIS, supported by remote sensing, RS, data as an important tool in the day to day decision making process on agriculture areas. The study is used to demonstrate how historical aerial photographs and a satellite image from 1973 to 2001 were used to produce land use, and land use change maps as well as maps of agriculture units for the study area that are later used for planning purposes of agriculture activities. The paper summarizes the methodological steps followed in the GIS analysis and the way that GIS-RS systems can be used in rural areas to plan and to manage day to day activities in agriculture areas under the philosophy of sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, GIS, rural planning

scholarly journals Mitigating the Effect of Covid-19 on the Society Through the Islamic Social Finance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Ibraheem Alani AbdulKareem ◽  
Mohd Sadad bin Mahmud ◽  
Moses Elaigwu ◽  
Abdul Fattah Abdul Ganiyy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Social Wellbeing ◽  
The People ◽  
Major Burn ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Daily Wage

As at the end year of 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak had caused an unparalleled human crisis around the world. The disease is causing not just a health problem but also economic crisis. Numerous countries fell into meltdown and more people fell into poverty. The government may not be sufficiently able to take the economy back to its track. The concentration has now moved from the spread of the virus to the economic consequences it will bring to the community. The lack of production will lead to the deficiency of supply and therefore will end as loss of employment and jobs for a large number of people around the globe. The most significant sections of our society are SMEs and daily wage will bear the major burn of the crisis. Therefore, Islamic social finance, incorporating zakat and waqf, has to be adopted to address the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. Zakat and waqf are commonly practised in Muslims countries majority. Zakat and waqf function show the possibility and economic advantages of zakat and waqf properties for people’s prosperity. Moreover, zakat and waqf can be utilized to fill financial gaps and can likewise be utilized to create social wellbeing. This study explores the application and potential of zakat and waqf institutions for the social wellbeing of the people and economic development during and after Covid-19 pandemic. The study reviewed past studies on the potential of zakat and waqf as an alternative way for social development and economic growth. The study, therefore, observed that zakat and waqf institutions can improve economic activity through zakat and waqf properties use for various purposes such as health services, infrastructure, SMEs, poverty eradication and education. 

scholarly journals "CHINESE MIRACLE" AND PROBLEMS OF ACCELERATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Yongyou Nie ◽  
V. A. Kartavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
The Government

This article is devoted to the study of the results of rapid economic growth on the example of the People's Republic of China. Forty years have passed since the beginning of the openness reforms in China. They are characterized by the rapid growth of China's economic power, the improvement of the well-being of the inhabitants of that country, as well as the strengthening of the state's place in the international arena. With the support of foreign investment in the early stages, China itself becomes an investor. Techno-intensive industries hold an important share of China's exports. Despite the rapid growth of economic indicators, China is facing new challenges for developing countries. The accelerated development of the state has serious environmental, political and economic consequences, from pollution to corruption and the lag of certain regions from the overall pace of the country's development. These problems are expected to be addressed through a number of measures taken by the Government in the coming decades: investment market reforms, reorientation of international trade to developing countries, green economies, market reform real estate, addition to the legislative framework, the creation of new controls and reform of existing ones and so on. The reform process is inevitable and is the key to the successful development of the People's Republic of China.

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